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Title page 1

Contents 3

Foreword 4

PREFACE: Growing up safely in the social media+ world 7

01. A developmental approach to child safety online 28

02. Evidence on risks minors face online 52

03. Protecting minors in a rapidly changing social media+ environment 76

04. Empowering minors to safely navigate the digital world 114

Acknowledgements 137

Figures 9

PREFACE: Growing up safely in the social media+ world 9

Figure 1. Ecosystem to protect and empower minors online 9

Figure 2. Balancing the ecosystem: safety by design in social media+ environments 23

01. A developmental approach to child safety online 31

Figure 1. The staged development of core competencies 31

Figure 2. The decline of parental mediation throughout development 39

Figure 3. The rise of peer influence throughout development 43

Figure 4. Psychological vulnerability throughout development 44

Figure 5. Digital exposure and complexity throughout development 47

Figure 6. A developmental mismatch between digital exposure, vulnerability and regulatory capacity 48

02. Evidence on risks minors face online 62

Figure 1. Adolescents' increased screen use over the weekend 62

Figure 2. Adolescents' increasing symptoms by time spent on screens 63

Figure 3. Adolescents encounter an increasing amount of unwanted and illegal content the more time they spend on screens 67

03. Protecting minors in a rapidly changing social media+ environment 104

Figure 1. EU Member States proposing or considering age restrictions to social media and other digital services 104

04. Empowering minors to safely navigate the digital world 119

Figure 1. Family awareness of minors' negative experiences online 119