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Title page 1

Contents 1

Executive summary 2

Introduction 3

Methods 5

Findings 5

Conclusion and recommendations 24

Appendix A: Additional information on the methodological approach 26

Abbreviations 27

Endnotes 27

References 30

Acknowledgments 38

About WRI 38

About the authors 38

Author contributions 38

Figures 6

Figure 1. Stages of Quilombola titling process 6

Figure 2. Number of Quilombola territories per step of the titling process 6

Figure 3. Distribution of mapped Quilombola territories by titling status, per biome 7

Figure 4. Proportion of land cover within mapped Quilombola territories in 2000 and 2024, by type 8

Figure 5. Comparison of changes in land cover within Quilombola territories (2000-2024), by titling status 9

Figure 6. Comparison of changes in the type of nonvegetated land cover between 2000 and 2024, by titling status 10

Figure 7. Comparison of changes in mining area within Quilombola territories per state (2000-2024), by titling status 10

Figure 8. Example of mining impacts in a Quilombola territory in Oriximiná, Pará 11

Figure 9. Comparison of changes in the type of farming area within Quilombola territories, by titling status 12

Figure 10. Satellite image of oil palm plantation encroachment into an in-process Quilombola territory in Pará 13

Figure 11. Key stages of Afro-Colombian land titling process 14

Figure 12. Distribution of titled and in-process Community Councils 14

Figure 13. Proportion of land cover within mapped Afro-Colombian territories in 2000 and 2024 by type 15

Figure 14. Comparison of changes in land cover within Afro-Colombian territories (2000-2024), by titling status 16

Figure 15. Comparison of changes in type of nonvegetated land cover within Afro-Colombian territories (2000-2024), by titling status 16

Figure 16. Satellite image of mining impacts within a titled Afro-Colombian territory in El Cantón del San Pablo, Chocó 17

Figure 17. Comparison of changes in the type of farming area in Afro-Colombian territories, by titling status 18

Figure 18. Satellite image of oil palm plantation encroachment into an in-process Afro-Colombian territory in Pelaya, Cesar 18

Figure 19. Map of Afrodescendant Tribal lands in Suriname 19

Figure 20. Proportion of land cover within Tribal lands in 2024, by type 20

Figure 21. Forestry and gold mining concessions and associated tree cover loss within Tribal lands 21

Figure 22. Percentage of Tribal lands overlapping with concessions and percent tree cover loss (2001-2024) 22

Figure 23. Satellite image of mining impacts in Saamaka territory 22

Appendix Tables 26

Table A-1. Datasets and sources used in the policy and geospatial analysis 26