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Title page 1

Contents 3

Acknowledgements 4

Abbreviations 5

Executive Summary 6

Chapter 1. Introduction: A System Taking Shape 10

1.1. A System Rebuilt in a Generation 10

1.2. Somali Context: Fragility, Federalism, and a Fast-Growing System 12

1.3. Measuring the System: GEPD Survey and the Wider Evidence Base 12

1.4. How This Report is Organized 14

Chapter 2. Access and Learning: What Somalia's Education System Is Delivering 15

2.1. Access to Primary Education 15

2.2. Inequality in Access 16

2.3. Learning Outcomes 17

2.4. Inequality in Learning 18

Chapter 3. Barriers to Learning in Somalia: School Practices and the Policies that Shape Them 19

3.1. Learners Ready to Learn 19

3.2. Teachers Equipped to Support Learners 21

3.3. An Environment Conducive to Learning 23

3.4. School Management 25

Chapter 4. Foundations of the System: Bureaucratic Capacity and Political Commitment 27

4.1. Characteristics of the Bureaucracy 28

4.2. Mandates and Accountability 30

4.3. National Learning Goals 31

4.4. Impartial Decision-Making 31

Chapter 5. From Diagnosis to Action: Priorities for Somalia's Primary Education System 33

5.1. Learners Ready to Learn 33

5.2. Teachers Equipped to Teach 34

5.3. Inputs and Infrastructure That Function 36

5.4. School Management That Delivers 37

5.5. A System That Can Deliver Policy 38

Citations 40

Annex: Indicator Scores by Geography 43

End Notes 56

Tables 10

Table 1.1. Timeline of major policy and legal milestones since 2012 10

Table 1.2. Selected fragility indicators 12

Table 3.1. Basic Infrastructure, by Location (percent of schools unless noted) 23

Table 4.1. Characteristics and working conditions of surveyed public officials 27

Table 4.2. Politics and bureaucratic capacity, indicators and sub-indicators 28

Table 4.3. Underlying data on politicized policy implementation 31

Figures 10

Figure 1.1. Timeline of school establishment by Federal Member State 10

Figure 1.2. Population pyramid or growth projection, 2023-2050 11

Figure 1.3. The GEPD conceptual framework 13

Figure 1.4. Share of variation in learning outcomes explained by GEPD practices and policies 14

Figure 2.1. Primary Gross Enrollment Rate Trend, 2020-2024 15

Figure 2.2. GEPD grade 4 performance, overall and by subject 17

Figure 2.3. GEPD proficiency by gender and by urban/rural 18

Figure 3.1. Average Grade 1 Assessment Score, by Domain and Location 20

Figure 3.2. From presence to pedagogical skill, the teaching funnel, by locality 22

Figure 3.3. GEPD Teacher Policy Levers, 1-5 Scale 23

Figure 3.4. Percent of schools meeting each toilet usability criteria 24

Figure 4.1. Public Officials' Perspectives on Work Environment and Merit 29