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Title page 1

Contents 3

Summary 4

The international legal issues 4

2025 treaty 5

A bill to implement the treaty fell in 2026 5

Negotiations are continuing in 2026 6

Further reading on the British Indian Ocean Territory and 2025-26 bill 6

1. Timeline of international cases and arbitration relating to the British Indian Ocean Territory since 2015 7

1.1. Case 1: Permanent Court of Arbitration: Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v. United Kingdom), 18 March 2015 8

1.2. Case 2: International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion of 2019 10

1.3. Case 3: International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 2021 and 2023 16

2. Debate on potential implications of the international legal cases 18

2.1. The UK Government's position 18

2.2. Risks of further legal challenges 19

2.3. UK's opt-out of certain legal challenges 22

2.4. Implications and arguments relating to the US-UK agreement 25

3. Recent developments to October 2026: The fall of the government's bill and future talks 28

3.1. The government's Diego Garcia Military Base and British Indian Ocean Territory Bill 2024-26 28

3.2. The British Sovereignty Protection (Chagos) Private Members' Bill 30

3.3. Concern of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on the 2025 treaty 31

3.4. What has the new UK Prime Minister said? 32

4. Further reading 34