New basal insulin formulation was designed and their structural characteristics were investigated in vitro and biological activities in type 1 diabetic rats. Zinc-crystallized insulin was physically loaded into hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan (HGC) nanoparticles by a dialysis method. The series of insulin-HGC formulations were prepared with different feed weight ratio of insulin to HGC from 0.5:1 to 4:1. The loading contents of insulin and size distribution of insulin-HGCs were characterized, and blood glucose responses were investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after single subcutaneous injection of regular insulin and insulin-HGCs. The highest loading efficiency and content were obtained in insulin-HGC when a 1:1 feed weight ratio of insulin to HGC was employed. The hydrodynamic diameter of insulin-HGC nanoparticles were in the range of 200 to 500 nm with narrow size distribution. Insulin-HGC effectively sustained insulin release up to 40% within 12 hours followed by a slower controlled release. Insulin-HGC showed an extended blood glucose lowering effect up to 24 h and provided normal blood glucose levels after oral glucose (1.5 g/kg) load at 24 hours post-injection while regular insulin showed severe hypoglycemia. The prolonged time action profiles and low variability of insulin-HGC formulation resulted in improved blood glucose control in diabetic rats and fulfilled a pattern desirable of a basal insulin.
The lung as a route for systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides
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Insulin Pharmacokinetics
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Insulin analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles
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Concept, strategies, and feasibility of noninvasive insulin delivery.
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Protein drug stability: a formulation challenge
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New concept for long-acting insulin: spontaneous conversion of an inactive modified insulin to the active hormone in circulation: 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl derivative of insulin.
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Mechanism of protracted metabolic effects of fatty acid acylated insulin, NN304, in dogs: retention of NN304 by albumin.
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Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting
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Hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan nanoparticles as carriers for paclitaxel
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Physicochemical Characteristics of Self-Assembled Nanoparticles Based on Glycol Chitosan Bearing 5β-Cholanic Acid
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Insulin glargine: a review of its therapeutic use as a long-acting agent for the management of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
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New horizons — alternative routes for insulin therapy
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Synthesis and Characterization of Sugar-Bearing Chitosan Derivatives: Aqueous Solubility and Biodegradability
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Sinha, V. R., (2004) Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs, Int. J. Pharm
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Lessons from Studies of Insulin Pharmacokinetics
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Recent progress in protein and peptide delivery by noninvasive routes.