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Background: Alternaria and their secondary metabolites, alternariol mycotoxins, may cause respiratory symptoms and asthma. Moreover, microbial compounds, such as bacterial endotoxins, act as potential contributors in such situations. Alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages appear to initiate airway inflammation through proinflammatory cytokines after exposure to aeroallergens or toxic materials. The present study investigated the effects of Alternaria and alternariol mycotoxins on inflammatory cytokines secreted from airway epithelial cells and macrophages, especially interleukin-33,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, which were assessed association with lipopolysaccharide.

Methods: In vitro MLE12 cells and RAW264.7 cells were treated with Alternaria, alternariol monomethyl ether and alternariol at different doses for 24 hour. The levels of interleukin-33, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in each cell supernatants were measured by ELISA. Then, each mycotoxin (100 ng/mL) was added to lipopolysaccharide stimulated cells and incubated with them. Cell viability was measured by flow cytometry.

Results: Alternaria and alternariol mycotoxin-treated cells released pro-inflammatory cytokines partly in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide induced the synergic effect of mycotoxins on cytokine production by RAW264.7 cells. However, the different cytokine productions among groups were not related to cell viability.

Conclusion: This study suggests that alternariol mycotoxins,such as Alternaria, would provoke airway inflammation through interleukin-33, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α uction from epithelial cells and macrophages.

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참고문헌 (39건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 Importance of mold allergy in asthma 네이버 미소장
2 Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases 네이버 미소장
3 Clinical Characteristics According to Sensitized Allergens in Adult Korean Patients With Bronchial Asthma 소장
4 Asthma-related environmental fungus, Alternaria, activates dendritic cells and produces potent Th2 adjuvant activity. 네이버 미소장
5 Mycotoxin production by indoor molds 네이버 미소장
6 Mycotoxins as harmful indoor air contaminants 네이버 미소장
7 Inflammation-associated gene transcription and expression in mouse lungs induced by low molecular weight compounds from fungi from the built environment 네이버 미소장
8 Relevance of airborne fungi and their secondary metabolites for environmental, occupational and indoor hygiene. 네이버 미소장
9 Exposure to mycotoxins increases the allergic immune response in a murine asthma model. 네이버 미소장
10 Mycotoxins. 네이버 미소장
11 Mycotoxins of Alternaria alternata produced on ceiling tiles. 네이버 미소장
12 TLR4 signaling in stromal cells is critical for the initiation of allergic Th2 responses to inhaled antigen. 네이버 미소장
13 Sensitization of human aortic endothelial cells to lipopolysaccharide via regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 by bacterial fimbria-dependent invasion. 네이버 미소장
14 Epithelium: the interplay between innate and Th2 immunity. 네이버 미소장
15 The airway epithelium as a regulator of Th2 responses in asthma. 네이버 미소장
16 The sentinel role of the airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis 네이버 미소장
17 Macrophages in Allergic Asthma: Fine-Tuning Their Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Actions for Disease Resolution 네이버 미소장
18 Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets 네이버 미소장
19 The alveolar macrophage: the forgotten cell in asthma. 네이버 미소장
20 Pathological role of IL-6 in the experimental allergic bronchial asthma in mice 네이버 미소장
21 Pro-inflammatory effects of ochratoxin A on nasal epithelial cells 네이버 미소장
22 Mycotoxin-induced depletion of intracellular glutathione and altered cytokine production in the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 네이버 미소장
23 Rand TG, Dipenta J, Robbins C, Miller JD. Effects of low molecular weight fungal compounds on inflammatory gene transcription and expression in mouse alveolar macrophages. Chem Biol Interact. 2011;190:139-47. 미소장
24 The Danger Signal, Extracellular ATP, Is a Sensor for an Airborne Allergen and Triggers IL-33 Release and Innate Th2-Type Responses 네이버 미소장
25 Alternaria induces STAT6-dependent acute airway eosinophilia and epithelial FIZZ1 expression that promotes airway fibrosis and epithelial thickness. 네이버 미소장
26 STAT6 regulates natural helper cell proliferation during lung inflammation initiated by Alternaria. 네이버 미소장
27 Both direct and indirect effects account for the pro-inflammatory activity of enteropathogenic mycotoxins on the human intestinal epithelium: Stimulation of interleukin-8 secretion, potentiation of interleukin-1β effect and increase in the transepithelial passage of commensal bacteria 네이버 미소장
28 Trichothecene mycotoxins activate inflammatory response in human macrophages. 네이버 미소장
29 The mycotoxins citrinin and gliotoxin differentially affect production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. 네이버 미소장
30 ROS-mediated TNF-α and MIP-2 gene expression in alveolar macrophages exposed to pine dust 네이버 미소장
31 Different doses of lipopolysaccharides regulate the lung inflammation of asthmatic mice via TLR4 pathway in alveolar macrophages. 네이버 미소장
32 Licochalcone A significantly suppresses LPS signaling pathway through the inhibition of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation at serine 276 네이버 미소장
33 Response of human pulmonary epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide involves Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signaling pathways: evidence for an intracellular compartmentalization of TLR4. 네이버 미소장
34 Greene CM, McElvaney NG. Toll-like receptor expression and function in airway epithelial cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2005;53:418-27. 미소장
35 Increased IL-33 expression by epithelial cells in bronchial asthma 네이버 미소장
36 Influence of various growth parameters on fungal growth and volatile metabolite production by indoor molds 네이버 미소장
37 Water activity and temperature effects on mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata on a synthetic tomato medium 네이버 미소장
38 Influence of pH and carbon to nitrogen ratio on mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata in submerged cultivation 네이버 미소장
39 Bensassi F, Gallerne C, Sharaf El Dein O, Hajlaoui MR, Bacha H, Lemaire C. Cell death induced by the Alternaria mycotoxin Alternariol. Toxicol In Vitro. 2012;26:915-23. 미소장