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Title page
Contents
Acknowledgments 11
Main Messages 13
Executive Summary 15
Abbreviations 26
1. The Digital-Climate Nexus 29
Introduction 29
The Digital-Climate Policy Nexus 31
Digitalization, Economic Development, and Climate Change 40
Conceptual Framework: Untangling the Relationship between Digitalization and Climate Change 42
Notes 48
References 49
2. Decarbonizing the Digital Sector 52
Introduction 52
The ICT Sector's Contribution to Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Baseline and Forecasts 52
Expanding the Use of Renewable Energy and Using Energy More Efficiently 76
A Comprehensive Sectoral Approach 91
Constraints on and Opportunities for Green Digital in LMICs 92
Notes 99
References 103
3. Making the Digital Sector More Resilient 108
Introduction 108
Protecting Networks 108
Protecting Data Infrastructure 114
Notes 117
References 117
4. Digital Technologies for Mitigation 118
Introduction 118
Energy 118
Transportation 122
Agrifood System 124
Urban Centers 126
Challenges to Adoption of Digital Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation 128
Notes 130
References 130
5. Digital Technologies for Resilience 135
Introduction 135
Enhancing the Capacity to Adapt to Gradual Climate Impacts 136
Managing Climate Shocks with Digital Technologies 139
Challenges to Adoption of Digital Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation 142
Notes 144
References 144
6. Policy Recommendations: Coordinated Action for Green Digitalization 147
The Key Principles of Green Digitalization 147
Greening along the Digital Value Chain 151
Data and Applications 153
Appendix. Nationally Determined Contributions 157
Table 1.1. Examples of Green Digital Policy Types (Nonexhaustive) 38
Table 2.1. Mobile Sites and Quality of Power Solutions: Global Distribution, 2019 63
Table 2.2. Global Distribution of GHG Emissions from Diesel Generators Powering Mobile Sites, 2020 64
Table 2.3. Mobile Sites and Power Solutions: Global Distribution by 2030 65
Table 2.4. Top 10 Region-to-Region International Bandwidth Routes, 2020 and 2027 70
Table 2.5. GHG Emissions, Consumer Device Hardware Companies, 2020 72
Table 2.6. Mobile Phones and Smartphones: Global Distribution, 2020 and 2025 73
Table 3.1. Extreme Weather or Climate Change Risks to Data Infrastructure 115
Table 5.1. Examples of Links between Digitalization and Adaptation 136
Table 6.1. Actions to Be Pursued by Stakeholders along the Digital Value Chain 155
Figure ES.1. The Green-Digital Nexus 16
Figure ES.2. Mentions of Technology in Mitigation and Adaptation Provisions of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) 17
Figure ES.3. Emissions from Subsectors of the ICT Sector 18
Figure 1.1. National Pledges to Reduce Emissions, by Target Year 33
Figure 1.2. Mentions of Technology in Mitigation and Adaptation Provisions of NDCs, by Country Income Group 34
Figure 1.3. Conceptual Framework for Relationship between Digitalization and Climate Change 43
Figure 1.4. Levels of Digitalization, by Country Income Group and Region 47
Figure 2.1. Energy Consumption Estimates 2010-15 (left) and Carbon Footprint Estimates 2010-15 and Forecasts 2020 (right), ICT Sector 56
Figure 2.2. Carbon Footprint Estimates (2007-17) and Forecasts (2018-20), ICT Sector 57
Figure 2.3. Changes in ICT Sector Scope 1 and 2 Emissions and Electricity Use, 2018-20 57
Figure 2.4. ICT Carbon Footprint as a Percentage of Total GHG Emissions Projected through 2040 Using Exponential and Linear Fits 58
Figure 2.5. ICT Sector Carbon Footprint Baseline, 2015-20, and Forecasts, 2025-30 (Including Electricity Supply Chain and Grid Losses) 59
Figure 2.6. Relative GHG Emissions of the ICT Sector, by Main Component 60
Figure 2.7. Relative Contributions of Components of ICT Sector, 2010 and 2020 60
Figure 2.8. Relative Contributions of Components of ICT Sector 61
Figure 2.9. Estimated Breakdown of Towers by Grid Condition: Sub-Saharan Africa, 2017 64
Figure 2.10. Data Center Energy Use, Magnitude and Trends 67
Figure 2.11. Data Centers Compute Instances and Energy Usage, by Region 68
Figure 2.12. Global Distribution of Large Data Centers and Data Centers' Investment in Information Technology (IT), 2019 69
Figure 2.13. Forecast of Revenue Market Share of Regional Data Centers, 2023 70
Figure 2.14. Life-Cycle GHG Emissions of an Apple iPhone 71
Figure 2.15. Sustainable Initiatives Noted by Mobile Operators in Europe 77
Figure 2.16. Total Cellular Site CO2 Emissions over 2020-30, by Infrastructure Sharing Strategy and Country Income Group 79
Figure 2.17. Financial Cost of Universal Broadband, by Technology, 2023-30 80
Figure 2.18. Cumulative Cellular Site Emissions, by Technology, 2023-30 80
Figure 2.19. Assessment of the Impacts of Off-Grid Renewable Power Strategies for Universal Broadband Options, by Emissions Type, Colombia 82
Figure 2.20. Technical Strategies to Decarbonize the ICT Sector 92
Figure 2.21. Access to Electricity Compared with Grid Emissions Factor, Selected Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2020 94
Figure 2.22. RISE Renewable Energy Pillar Scores, 2019 95
Figure 3.1. Examples of Natural Hazard Risks to Digital Infrastructure 109
Figure 3.2. Mobile Infrastructure Vulnerable to Coastal Flooding 110
Figure 3.3. Mobile Infrastructure Vulnerable to Tropical Cyclones 111
Figure 4.1. Emissions Profiles of Four Sectors: Energy, Transportation, Agrifood, and Urban Centers 119
Maps
Map 1.1. Areas Susceptible to Flood Hazards 40
Map 1.2. Mobile Network Coverage 41
Map 3.1. Mobile Infrastructure Assets at Risk in Ghana 112
Map 5.1. Landslide Hazard Areas of Malawi Not Covered by 2G and 3G Mobile Networks and Occupied by Bottom 40 Percent of Wealth Index 143
Map 5.2. Riverine Flooding Areas of Ghana Not Covered by 2G and 4G Mobile Networks and Occupied by Bottom 40 Percent of Wealth Index 144
Boxes
Box 1.1. Rwanda's National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development Strategy 34
Box 1.2. Maldives's Plans to Incorporate Digital Technologies in Adaptation and Mitigation 35
Box 1.3. Integration of Policies for Digital and Green Transition in Nordic and Baltic Countries 36
Box 1.4. Ministerial Declaration on a Green and Digital Transformation of the EU 39
Box 2.1. Methodological Considerations for Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the ICT Sector 53
Box 2.2. Ecoratings and Ecolabeling of Devices 89
Box 2.3. E-waste Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 90
Box 2.4. The Republic of Korea's Multipronged Approach to Green Digital 93
Box 2.5. Examples of Government and Corporate Efforts to Expand the Use of Renewable Electricity 96
Box 2.6. The Private Sector: Moving to Meet Its Climate Change Goals 98
Box 4.1. Contributions of Selected Digital Technologies to Mitigation Efforts 119
Box 5.1. East Africa's Index-Based Insurance 137
Box 5.2. Lisbon's Digital Twin for Flood Resilience 141
Box 5.3. Digitally Enhanced Flood Management 141
Box Figures
Figure B1.3.1. Overview of National Policies by Policy Area and Degree of Digital and Green Integration 37
Figure B2.1.1. Overview of GHG Protocol Scopes and Emissions across the Value Chain 54
Figure B2.3.1. E-waste Management by Region 90
Figure B2.4.1. Key Measures for Greening the ICT Sector in the Republic of Korea 93
Table A.1. Number of Countries and Economies in Analysis, by Income Level 157
Table A.2. Countries and Economies Included in Analysis, by Country or Economy Income Group 157
Table A.3. Classification of General Technologies Considered in Analysis, by Mitigation and Adaptation 159
Table A.4. Classification of Digital Technologies Considered in Analysis, by Adaptation and Mitigation 160
Table A.5. Number of Mentions of Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies(General and Digital) in Nationally Determined Contributions and Percentage... 160
Table A.6. General and Digital Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies Mentioned in Nationally Determined Contributions, by Country Income Level 161
Table A.7. Priority Sectors for Mitigation and Adaptation, by Country Income Group 161
Climate change is unfolding amid the greatest information and communication revolution in human history. From e-commerce and social media to smart manufacturing and precision farming, digital technologies have become prevalent in all aspects of economic and social life.
Digital technologies also have the potential to shape climate change action. Green digital transformation can help countries adapt e?ffectively to the impacts of climate change and create greener growth pathways.
Doing this means combining a focus on digital transformation and inclusion with a strategic and sustainable use of digital technologies to address climate change.
Green Digital Transformation: How to Sustainably Close the Digital Divide and Harness Digital Tools for Climate Action illuminates the channels through which digital technologies intersect with climate change, and it proposes a path to low-emissions applications of digital technologies to help countries mitigate and adapt to climate change.
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