About the Authors
Foreword to the First Edition
Foreword to the Second Edition
Acknowledgements
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Learning Tools
Legal Texts
1 Foundations of Aviation Law and Policy
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 What Is Aviation Law?
1.1.2 Aviation v. Air Law
1.2 Key Elements in Aviation Law
1.2.1 Public International Law
1.2.2 Private International Law
1.2.3 Multifaceted Nature of Aviation Law
1.3 Sources of Aviation Law
1.3.1 International Law
1.3.1.1 Treaties
1.3.1.2 Customary International Law
1.3.1.3 General Principles of Law
1.3.1.4 Judicial Decisions
1.3.1.5 Teachings of the Most Highly Qualified Publicists
1.3.2 European Union Law
1.3.2.1 Primary Legislation
1.3.2.2 Secondary Legislation
1.3.2.3 Court of Justice of the European Union
1.3.3 National Law
1.3.4 Binding Law and Non-Binding Instruments
1.3.5 Industry Standards
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
2 Early Developments
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Dubious Latin Roots
2.1.2 Early Examples of National Aviation Laws
2.1.3 Early Examples of International Aviation Law
2.2 Initial Steps Towards Multilateral Civil Aviation Law
2.3 Treaty of Versailles
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Restrictions on German Military Aviation
2.3.3 Freedom of AAP Aircraft in Civil Aviation
2.4 Paris Convention
2.5 The Decades Between the Wars
2.5.1 Madrid Convention
2.5.2 Havana Convention
2.5.3 Time for a New Era
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
3 Convention on International Civil Aviation
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Background
3.1.2 Chicago Conference 1944
3.1.3 The Creation of New International Law
3.2 Applicability of the Chicago Convention
3.2.1 International
3.2.1.1 International Flight
3.2.1.2 Entrance and Exit of Foreign Airspace
3.2.1.3 State
3.2.1.4 Territorial Scope
3.2.1.5 Not Only Aircraft
3.2.2 Aviation
3.2.2.1 Definition of 'Aircraft'
3.2.2.2 Aircraft Classifications
3.2.3 Civil Aircraft
3.2.3.1 Definition of 'State' Aircraft
3.2.3.2 Rights and Responsibilities of State Aircraft
3.2.3.3 Definition of 'Civil' Aircraft
3.3 War and Emergency Conditions
3.4 Purpose of the Chicago Convention
3.4.1 Preamble
3.4.2 Misuse of Civil Aviation
3.4.3 Use of Weapons Against Civil Aircraft
3.5 Breakdown of the Chicago Convention
3.5.1 Part I Air Navigation
3.5.2 Part II International Civil Aviation Organization
3.5.3 Part III International Air Transport
3.5.4 Part IV Final Provisions
3.6 Transfer of Responsibility
3.7 Amendments
3.8 Dispute Settlement
3.8.1 Role of the International Civil Aviation Organization Council
3.8.2 Appeals after the International Civil Aviation Organization Council
3.8.3 Penalties
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
4 International Civil Aviation Organization
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bodies of the International Civil Aviation Organization
4.2.1 Secretariat
4.2.2 Council
4.2.3 Assembly
4.2.4 Air Navigation Commission
4.3 Annexes to the Chicago Convention
4.3.1 Standards and Recommended Practices
4.3.2 Overview of the Nineteen Annexes to the Chicago Convention
4.3.3 Adoption of Standards and Recommended Practices
4.3.4 Departures from International Standards and Procedures
4.4 External Cooperation
4.4.1 Regional Cooperation under the Chicago Convention
4.4.2 International Organisations and Bodies
4.4.3 International Associations
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
5 International Air Transport
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Sovereignty: Article 1 Chicago Convention and a Closed Airspace
5.1.2 Non-Scheduled International Air Services
5.1.2.1 Article 5 Chicago Convention
5.1.2.2 Practical Application of International Non-Scheduled Air Services
5.1.3 Regulation of International Scheduled Air Services
5.1.3.1 Article 6 Chicago Convention
5.1.3.2 Nature of International Scheduled Air Services
5.1.4 Notion of Cabotage
5.1.5 Operation of Pilotless Aircraft
5.1.6 Prohibited Areas: Article 9 Chicago Convention
5.1.6.1 Exercise of Sovereign Power
5.1.6.2 No-Fly Zones
5.2 Freedoms of the Air
5.2.1 First Freedom
5.2.2 Second Freedom
5.2.3 Third Freedom
5.2.4 Fourth Freedom
5.2.5 Fifth Freedom
5.2.6 Sixth Freedom
5.2.7 Seventh Freedom
5.2.8 Eight Freedom: 'Consecutive' or 'Quasi' Cabotage
5.2.9 Ninth Freedom: 'Stand-Alone' or 'Pure' Cabotage
5.2.10 Tenth Freedom
5.3 Rise of Bilateralism
5.3.1 Pre-Liberalisation: Bermuda I and Bermuda II Air Services Agreements
5.3.1.1 Bermuda I Agreement
5.3.1.2 Bermuda II Agreement
5.3.2 Early Multilateral Developments
5.3.3 'Open Skies' Agreements
5.3.4 Recent Multilateral 'Open Skies' Attempts
5.3.5 The European Union's External Aviation Policy
5.3.6 Bloc-to-Bloc Agreements: The EU/ASEAN Agreement as a Case Study
5.4 Key Themes in Bilateral Air Services Agreements
5.4.1 Airline Nationality Requirements
5.4.1.1 Substantial Ownership
5.4.1.2 Effective Control
5.4.2 Licensing
5.4.3 Designation of Airlines
5.5 Airline Commercial Cooperation and Alliances
5.5.1 Rationale for Airline Cooperation
5.5.2 Interlining
5.5.3 Code-Sharing
5.5.4 Global Alliances
5.5.5 Cooperation between Airlines and Railway Operators
5.6 Slot Allocation
5.6.1 Airport Slots in the European Union
5.6.2 The Proposal for a Revision of the European Slot Regulation
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
6 Criminal Law
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background and Prohibited Acts
6.2.1 Tokyo Convention
6.2.2 Hague Convention 1970
6.2.3 Montreal Convention 1971
6.2.4 Montreal Protocol 1988
6.2.5 Beijing Convention
6.2.6 Beijing Protocol
6.2.7 Montreal Protocol 2014
6.3 Applicability
6.3.1 Exemptions
6.3.2 In Flight and In Service
6.3.3 Surface of the High Sea and Other Areas Outside Territory of a State
6.3.4 Non-Military
6.3.5 International Element
6.4 Jurisdiction
6.5 Obligations of Contracting States
6.6 Powers of the Aircraft Commander
6.6.1 Restraint
6.6.2 Disembarkation
6.6.3 Delivery
6.7 In-Flight Security Officer
6.8 Dispute Settlement
6.9 Issues of Entry into Force
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
7 Contractual Liability
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical Background
7.2.1 Warsaw Convention
7.2.2 Amendments and Additions Following the Warsaw Convention
7.2.2.1 The Hague Protocol
7.2.2.2 Guadalajara Convention
7.2.2.3 Guatemala City Protocol
7.2.2.4 Montreal Additional Protocols 1975
7.2.2.5 United States and International Air Transport Association Montreal Agreement 1966
7.2.2.6 International Air Transport Association Intercarrier Agreement 1995
7.2.3 Montreal Convention 1999
7.3 Scope of Application
7.4 Documentation
7.4.1 Documentation Relating to Passengers and Baggage
7.4.2 Documentation Relating to Carriage of Cargo
7.5 Liability of the Air Carrier in Case of Death or Injury of Passengers
7.5.1 Article 17 Montreal Convention 1999
7.5.2 Accident
7.5.3 Causal Link between the Accident and the Damage
7.5.4 Death or Bodily Injury
7.5.5 Embarkation and Disembarkation
7.5.6 Damage to Baggage
7.6 Two-Tier Liability Regime of the Montreal Convention 1999
7.6.1 Limited, but Strict, Liability
7.6.2 Exposure to Unlimited Liability
7.7 Carrier Liability in Case of Delay
7.8 Liability Regime Concerning the Carriage of Cargo
7.9 Exclusivity Principle
7.10 Jurisdiction
7.10.1 Court of the Domicile of the Carrier
7.10.2 Court of the Principal Place of Business of the Carrier
7.10.3 Court Where the Carrier Has a Place of Business Through Which the Contract Has Been Made
7.10.4 Court at the Place of Destination
7.10.5 Fifth Jurisdiction
7.10.6 Concluding Remarks on Jurisdiction
7.11 Regional or Local Regimes Concerning Air Passenger Rights: Example of Regulation 261/2004
7.11.1 Geographical Scope of Application
7.11.2 Material Scope of Application
7.11.3 Compensation Scheme
7.11.4 Duty of Assistance and Right to Care
7.11.5 Compatibility with the Montreal Convention 1999
7.11.6 Extraordinary Defence for the Air Carrier
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
8 Third-Party Liability and Damage on the Surface
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Early Development: Rome Convention 1933
8.3 Brussels Protocol
8.4 Rome Convention 1952
8.4.1 Scope
8.4.2 Operator of the Aircraft
8.4.3 Exclusivity
8.4.4 Jurisdiction
8.4.5 Liability limits
8.4.6 Insurance
8.5 Montreal Protocol 1978
8.6 Post 9/11 Conventions
8.6.1 General Risks Convention
8.6.2 Unlawful Interference Convention
8.7 Mid-Air Collisions
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
9 Insurance
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition of 'Insurance'
9.3 Applicable Law
9.4 Process
9.5 Compulsory Insurance
9.5.1 Third-Party Liability Treaties
9.5.2 Contractual Liability
9.5.3 European Union Regulation 785/2004
9.5.4 Other Sources of Law
9.6 Types of Insurance
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
10 Competition Law
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Application of Competition Law to Air Transport
10.3 European Union Competition Law Framework
10.3.1 Prohibited Agreements
10.3.2 Abuse of Dominant Position
10.3.3 Application of Articles 101 and 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the EU to the Aviation Sector
10.3.4 State Aid
10.3.5 State Aid and Competition Law During the COVID-19 Pandemic
10.3.6 Airline Merger Control in the European Union
10.4 United States Antitrust Regime
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Sherman Act 1890
10.4.3 Institution of the Antitrust Immunity
10.4.4 Airline Merger Control in the US
10.5 Development of Fair Competition in International Air Transport: The Role of the International Civil Aviation Organization
10.6 Development of Fair Competition in International Air Transport: The Role of the World Trade Organization
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
11 Environmental Protection
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Need for a Sustainable Aviation
11.3 Regulation of Environment in Air Transport
11.3.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
11.3.2 International Civil Aviation Organization and Annex 16
11.3.3 Carbon Offsetting Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
11.4 Long-Term Aspirational Goal for International Aviation
11.5 Sustainable Aviation Fuels
11.6 Air Service Agreements and Recent Developments
11.7 European Union
11.7.1 European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
11.7.2 The European Green Deal
11.7.3 Fit for 55 and ReFuel Aviation
11.7.4 National Measures for a Sustainable Aviation Industry
11.8 Aircraft Noise
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
12 Aircraft Financing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Early Attempts at Protecting Interests in Aircraft
12.3 The Cape Town Convention and the Aircraft Equipment Protocol
12.3.1 Main Features of the Treaty and the Protocol
12.3.2 Default Remedies
12.3.3 Remedies Offered to Creditors in Cases of Insolvency
12.3.4 Jurisdiction
12.3.5 Transfer of Registration under Article 83 bis of the Chicago Convention
12.4 Types of Aircraft Lease Agreements
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Operating Lease
12.4.3 Finance or Capital Lease
12.4.4 Japanese Operating Lease
12.4.5 Leveraged Lease
Recommended Literature
Points for Further Research
13 Unmanned Aircraft Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Clarifying the Terms
13.2.1 Unmanned Aircraft
13.2.2 Unmanned Aircraft System
13.2.3 Remotely Piloted Aircraft and Its System
13.3 International Law
13.3.1 Article 8 Chicago Convention
13.3.2 Pilotless Aircraft v. Without a Pilot
13.3.3 Special Authorisation
13.3.4 Obviate Danger
13.3.5 Other Articles
13.4 Annexes to the Chicago Convention
13.4.1 Amendments to Annexes
13.4.2 Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems Panel
13.4.3 UAS Advisory Group
13.4.4 Task Force on Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Humanitarian Aid and Development
13.4.5 Model UAS Regulations
13.5 Advanced Air Mobility