PREFACE V
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII
ABOUT THE AUTHOR IX
TABLE OF CASES XXI
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
A. Overview 1
B. The Subject of “Law and Technology” 6
C. Defining “Technology” 9
Notes on Defining Technology: Ranking Technological Progress 11
Exercise 1-1. Assessing the Definition of “Technology” 14
1. Recursive Technology 14
2. Law = Technology? 15
3. Reconceptualizing Common Items as Technological
Marvels 16
4. Moore’s Law 16
5. Measuring Technological Progress 17
D. Differentiating IoT Technology 18
E. Theories of Technology and Law 25
Chapter 2. Regulation 35
A. Overview 35
State v. Yopp 39
Exercise 2-1. State v. Yopp—Police Powers 43
Notes on Regulation, Generally 44
1. Regulation: When Not Whether 44
2. Ex Post and Ex Ante Regulation 45
3. More on Regulatory Timing—the Rulemaking Process 46
4. Optimizing Rulemaking 48
5. Does Regulation Drive or Merely Respond to Technological
Progress? 49
6. More on Law as Reactive 50
7. Regulation Is Irrelevant: Coase’s Theorem 51
B. Whether to and Why Regulate? 53
Lochner v. New York 56
Exercise 2-2. Applying Lochner to the Regulation of IoT 70
Notes on Why Regulate? 70
1. Laissez-Faire Economic Policy and the IoT 70
2. From Rejection to (Emerging or Rolling) Acceptance 72
3. From Acceptance to Rejection 72
4. Regulation as Technological Catalyst 73
5. Eighteenth Century Regulations for Twenty-First Century
Technologies? 74
Case Study: New Rules for a New Age Aircraft 75
The Internet Needs New Rules 76
United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and
Transportation Sub-Committee on Consumer Protection, Product
Safety, and Data Security 79
C. Regulators and Regulatory Powers, Limits 82
Chevron, U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 87
Exercise 2-3. Chevron USA v. Natural Resources—Agency Deference . 90
Federal Communications Comm’n v. Prometheus Radio Project 91
Exercise 2-4. Evaluating Agency Action in Emerging Technological
Spaces 98
Notes on Regulatory Powers, Deference 98
1. Of Judges and Umpires 98
2. Overruling Chevron 99
3. Judge, Jury, and Executioner 101
4. Regulator’s Dilemma 101
5. “Subregulation” 102
6. Regulation and Democracy 103
Wyeth v. Levine 104
Exercise 2-5. Wyeth v. Levine—Regulation and Preemption 129
Notes on Regulated Actors: Who or What Are They, or Who Can They
Be? 130
1. Standing—Animals and Robots 130
2. Legal Recognition of Robots 132
D. Regulatory Tools: How Regulators Regulate 133
Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper, Inc 136
Questions 2-6. Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper, Inc.—Cost-Benefit
Analysis of Regulations 146
Notes on Technological Tools 147
1. Collaboration: P3P 147
2. Regulatory “Sandbox” 149
3. Moratoria 150
4. Precautionary Principle 151
5. Inaction 152
6. More on Cost-Benefit Analysis 153
E. Deregulation and Permissionless Innovation 155
How Technology Will Revolutionize Public Trust 159
Notes on Deregulation 161
1. Merits and Drawbacks of Regulation 161
2. Regulatory State or the Welfare State? 162
3. Regulatory Capture 162
Chapter 3. iLawyer 165
A. Overview 165
Case Study: ChatGPT and AI Authored Legal Work 181
B. Communication 198
Stengart v. Loving Care Agency, Inc. 199
Exercise 3-1. Stengart v. Loving Care Agency, Inc.—Lawyer-Client
Privilege in E-Mail 212
City of San Jose v. Superior Court 213
Exercise 3-2. City of San Jose v. Superior Court—Privacy and Public
Records 225
In re Reines 226
Exercise 3-3. In re Reines—Lawyer Misconduct and Electronic
Communications 231
C. Procedure, Evidence, and the IoT 232
Gould Electronics, Inc. v. Livingston County Road Commission 234
Exercise 3-4. Gould Electronics, Inc. v. Livingston County Road
Commission—Video Trials and Remote Proceedings 242
United States v. Lizarraga-Tirado 243
Exercise 3-5. United States v. Lizarrage-Tirado—Technological
Hearsay 247
People v. Superior Court (Chubbs) 247
Exercise 3-6. People v. Superior Court (Chubbs)—Trade Secrets,
Discovery 259
Notes on Technology and Court Processes and Rules 260
1. Cameras in Courtrooms 260
2. Rules of Evidence 260
3. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 261
4. Machine Testimony 263
5. Predictive Coding 264
6. Metadata 264
Florida Bar Ethics Opinion 06-2—Ethics and Electronic
Documents 265
D. Technological and Scientific Evidence 269
Frye v. United States 270
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc 271
Exercise 3-7. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.—
Scientific Evidence 281
Notes on Daubert and Frye 282
State v. Loomis 283
Exercise 3-8. State v. Loomis 306
Chapter 4. (Un)Common Law and (Smart) Contracts 307
A. Overview 307
B. Technology Contracts 314
ProCD v. Zeidenberg 315
Exercise 4-1. ProCD v. Zeidenberg—Shrinkwrap Licenses 324
Securities and Exchange Comm’n v. Ripple Labs, Inc 325
Exercise 4-2. Securities and Exchange Comm’n v. Ripple Labs, Inc.—
Blockchain and Securities Laws 340
Notes on Contracts 341
Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp 342
Exercise 4-3. Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.—Assent via
Internet Usage 351
Google Terms of Service 353
C. Technology, Contracts, and Public Policy 362
United States v. Snowden 363
Clarke v. Commodity Futures Trading Commission 370
Exercise 4-4. Clarke v. Commodity Futures Trading Commission—
Futures Contracts 385
In the Matter of Baby M 386
Notes on Contracts and Reproductive Technology 411
Chapter 5. Technology and Torts 413
A. Overview 413
B. Intentional Torts 417
Boring v. Google, Inc. 418
Exercise 5-1. Boring v. Google, Inc.—Privacy 424
C. Negligence 424
1. Duty 427
Lewis v. Amorous 428
Exercise 5-2. Lewis v. Amorous—Agency and New Era
Mobility 433
2. Standards of Care 433
MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co. 435
Exercise 5-3. MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.—Duty of
Inspection 444
Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno 444
Exercise 5-4. Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno—Res
Ipsa Loquitur 453
Barnes v. YAHOO!, Inc. 455
Exercise 5-5. Barnes v. Yahoo!, Inc.—Internet Provider
Immunity for Offensive Content 464
3. Causation and Foreseeability 465
Twitter, Inc. v. Taamneh 466
Exercise 5-6. Twitter, Inc. v. Taamneh—Social Media Liability
for Aiding and Abetting 484
4. Damages (Per Se and Strict Liability) 484
Brown v. Sears, Roebuck and Company 486
Exercise 5-7. Brown v. Sears, Roebuck and Company—
Unreasonably Dangerous 491
D. New Technology Torts 493
Biometric Information Privacy Act 495
Vance v. Amazon.com Inc. 499
Exercise 5-8. Vance v. Amazon.com, Inc.—Biometric Data and Facial
Recognition 505
LabMD, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission 506
Exercise 5-9. LabMD, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission—Data
Security Program 518
Chapter 6. Technology and Crime 521
A. Overview 521
B. Computer Crimes 524
Van Buren v. United States 526
Exercise 6-1. Van Buren v. United States—Computer Fraud and
Abuse 540
Notes on Computer Crimes 540
1. Computer Crime, Defined 540
2. Virtual Crime 541
3. Deepfakes 542
C. The Fourth Amendment 543
Kyllo v. United States 543
Exercise 6-2. Kyllo v. United States—Search with Uncommon
Technology 557
United States v. Jones 558
Exercise 6-3. United States v. Jones—Search, Duration 574
Riley v. California 575
Exercise 6-4. Riley v. California—Warrantless Search of Digital
Information 596
Carpenter v. United States 597
Exercise 6-5. Carpenter v. United States—Cell Phone Records 632
Notes on New Technology Crime 633
1. General Public Use—a Matter of Evidence? 633
2. Intersection of Speech and Crime: Netflix for 3-D Guns 633
3. Technology as Security Agent—Noonlight and Tinder Panic
Button 634
4. “Geofence” Warrants 634
5. Criminal Trials and Video Evidence 635
6. GrayKey 635
7. Operation Trojan Shield 636
Chapter 7. Speech 639
A. Overview 639
B. Political Speech in the Digital Age 642
Biden v. Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia
University 643
Exercise 7-1. Biden v. Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia
University—Digital Platforms 650
Missouri v. Biden 651
Exercise 7-2. Missouri v. Biden—Government Censorship 692
Rideout v. Gardner 693
Exercise 7-3. Rideout v. Gardner—Elections and Political Speech 701
C. Criminal Speech 702
Elonis v. United States 703
Exercise 7-4. Elonis v. United States—Threatening Communications
via Social Media 724
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union 725
Exercise 7-5. Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union—Indecent
Internet Communications 752
Notes on Speech 753
1. “Make No Law” 753
2. Speech Restrictions: Vagueness 753
3. Private Regulation of Speech 754
4. Benefits and Drawbacks of Digital Speech Rights 756
D. Content Moderation 757
NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton 759
Exercise 7-6. NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton—Censorship, Viewpoint
Discrimination 775
Packingham v. North Carolina 776
Exercise 7-7. Packingham v. North Carolina—Restricting Access to
Social Networking 786
Camunas v. National Republican Senatorial Committee 787
Exercise 7-8. Camunas v. National Republican Senatorial
Committee—Telephone Consumer Protection Act 796
Case Study: Social Media as Public Utility 797
In the Common Pleas Court Delaware County, Ohio Civil Division 798
Chapter 8. Intellectual Property 809
A. Overview 809
B. Technology and IP Protection, Generally 813
Matal v. Tam 815
Exercise 8-1. Matal v. Tam—Understanding Trademark 826
Virtual Works, Inc. v. Volkswagen of America, Inc. 827
Exercise 8-2. Virtual Works, Inc. v. Volkswagen of America, Inc.—
Cybersquatting 835
Notes on IP Law and Emerging Technology 835
1. Constitutionality of Patent Rehearings 835
2. AI and Authorship 835
3. Data Use in AI Training 836
C. Patents and Natural Law 836
Diamond v. Chakrabarty 837
Exercise 8-3. Diamond v. Chakrabarty—Patenting Life 846
Athena Diagnostics, Inc. v. Mayo Collaborative Services, LLC 847
Exercise 8-4. Athena Diagnostics, Inc. v. Mayo Collaborative
Services, LLC—Natural Law 862
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myraid Genetics, Inc 863
Exercise 8-5. Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics,
Inc.—DNA 873
D. IP Rights for Non-Human Inventors 874
Ex Parte King and Barton 875
Diamond v. Diehr 877
Exercise 8-6. Diamond v. Diehr—Patenting Process 895
Thaler v. Perlmutter 895
Exercise 8-7. Thaler v. Perlmutter—AI as Copyright Holder 905
Notes on Thaler v. Perlmutter 905
Thaler v. Vidal 906
Exercise 8-8. Thaler v. Vidal—Who Can Be an Inventor? 912
Chapter 9. Healthcare in the Digital Age 913
A. Overview 913
Teladoc, Inc. v. Texas Medical Bd. 916
Exercise 9-1. Teladoc, Inc. v. Texas Medical Bd.—the Business of
Telemedicine 929
Case Study: Telemedicine 930
Lowe v. Atlas Logistics Group Retail Svcs. (Atlanta), LLC 944
Exercise 9-2. Lowe v. Atlas Logistics Group Retail Svcs. (Atlanta),
LLC—Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 953
B. Modern Medicine and the Constitution 954
Abigail Alliance for Better Access to Developmental Drugs v.
Eschenbach 955
Exercise 9-3. Abigail Alliance for Better Access to Developmental
Drugs v. Eschenbach—Right to Try Experimental Drugs 984
C. Business (Law) and Emerging Medicine 985
Richards v. Holder 985
Exercise 9-4. Richards v. Holders—Sale of Human Organ
Transplantation 991
Rebotix Repair LLC v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc 991
Exercise 9-5. Rebotix Repair LLC v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc.—
Anticompetitive Behavior 1004
Dinerstein v. Google, LLC 1005
Exercise 9-6. Dinerstein v. Google, LLC—Electronic Health
Records 1019
End-of-Chapter Notes on Medical Technology and Law 1020
1. Public Welfare and Medical Product Safety for the Ages 1020
2. Reproduction, by Operation of Law 1021
3. Privacy of Medical Records—HIPAA 1022
4. COVID-19 1023
5. Genetic Engineering, Gene Editing, and CRISPR 1023
6. DNA 1024
7. Discrimination 1027
8. Mind Uploading 1027
Chapter 10. China .1029
A. Overview 1031
B. U.S. Domestic and National Security Interests 1035
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