Title page 3

Contents 5

FOREWORD 4

TERMINOLOGY 7

WHY IS THIS SURVEY NEEDED? 8

SURVEY IN A NUTSHELL 10

KEY FINDINGS AND OPINIONS 13

1. PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN - SUMMARY OVERVIEW OF ITS PREVALENCE IN THE EU 26

KEY FINDINGS 27

1.1. PREVALENCE OF PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE EU 27

1.2. VIOLENCE PERPETRATED BY PEOPLE OTHER THAN AN INTIMATE PARTNER 35

1.3. CYBERVIOLENCE 38

2. INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE - EXTENT AND FORMS 41

KEY FINDINGS 42

2.1. PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE BY INTIMATE PARTNER 43

2.1.1. Physical violence 43

2.1.2. Sexual violence 43

2.1.3. Occurrence of violence by type of partner and type of violence 45

2.2. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE BY AN INTIMATE PARTNER 46

2.2.1. Prevalence of psychological violence by an intimate partner 47

2.2.2. Economic violence by intimate partners 51

2.3. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 53

3. WOMEN WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE - CHARACTERISTICS AND VULNERABILITY 56

KEY FINDINGS 57

3.1. VICTIMS OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 58

3.1.1. Victims of physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner 58

3.1.2. Victims of psychological violence by intimate partners 59

3.1.3. Sociodemographic characteristics of women victims of intimate partner violence 61

3.2. THE PARTNER AND THE RELATIONSHIP 61

3.2.1. Physical and/or sexual violence by the current partner 61

3.2.2. Psychological violence by the current partner 63

3.3. VIOLENCE DURING PREGNANCY 64

4. IMPACT AND CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE 65

KEY FINDINGS 66

4.1. EXTENT OF CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE 67

4.2. PHYSICAL INJURIES 68

4.3. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 70

4.4. CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE ON WOMEN'S WORK AND OTHER USUAL ACTIVITIES 70

4.5. EXPERIENCING REPEAT VICTIMISATION 71

4.5.1. Repeated episodes of violence 71

4.5.2. Women experiencing violence from different types of perpetrators 72

4.6. PERCEPTION OF THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE LAST VIOLENT EPISODE AND FEELING THAT ONE'S LIFE WAS IN DANGER 73

5. REPORTING EXPERIENCES OF PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE, CONTACT WITH SERVICES, AND AWARENESS OF AND ACCESS TO SUPPORT 75

KEY FINDINGS 76

5.1. REPORTING PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE 77

5.2. REPORTING INCIDENTS BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE EXPERIENCED AND BY TYPE OF PERPETRATOR 78

5.3. REASONS FOR NOT REPORTING VIOLENT INCIDENTS 80

6. SEXUAL HARASSMENT 83

KEY FINDINGS 84

6.1. PREVALENCE OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK 85

6.2. FORMS AND TYPES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK 87

6.3. REPORTING SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK 89

6.4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCE SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK 91

6.5. PERCEPTION OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK, AWARENESS OF SUPPORT AND TRAINING AVAILABILITY 91

7. STALKING 95

KEY FINDINGS 96

7.1. EXTENT OF STALKING 97

7.1.1. Additional questions in eight Member States on cyberstalking 100

7.2. PERPETRATORS OF STALKING 101

7.3. FREQUENCY OF STALKING ACTS 102

7.4. REPORTING STALKING TO THE POLICE AND REASONS FOR NOT REPORTING 102

7.5. ACTIONS TAKEN AS A RESULT OF STALKING 104

8. CHILDREN AND VIOLENCE 105

KEY FINDINGS 106

8.1. PREVALENCE AND PATTERNS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD 107

8.2. PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE BY PARENTS DURING CHILDHOOD 109

8.3. INTERGENERATIONAL PATTERNS AND WITNESSING VIOLENCE 111

8.4. CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES OF VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ADULTHOOD 112

8.5. CHILDREN OF RESPONDENTS WHO HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO VIOLENCE BY A WOMAN'S INTIMATE PARTNER 113

CONCLUSION 115

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 117

COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS 118

Tables 28

TABLE 1. PREVALENCE OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE (INCLUDING THREATS) AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN LIFETIME/SINCE THE AGE OF 15,... 28

TABLE 2. PREVALENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN LIFETIME/SINCE THE AGE OF 15, AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE... 30

TABLE 3. WOMEN RAPED IN THE EU DURING THEIR LIFETIME, IN TOTAL AND BY TYPE OF INCIDENT 32

TABLE 4. EXPERIENCING ABUSIVE BEHAVIOURS ONLINE AND OFFLINE (EIGHT MEMBER STATES INCLUDED IN THE FRA-EIGE DATA COLLECTION) 40

TABLE 5. FORMS OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE AND THREATS BY INTIMATE PARTNERS, EXPERIENCES DURING LIFETIME (EU-27) 43

TABLE 6. FORMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE BY INTIMATE PARTNERS, EXPERIENCES DURING ONE'S LIFETIME (EU-27) 44

TABLE 7. COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM THE EU-GBV SURVEY AND FRA'S 2012 SURVEY ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, SELECTED INDICATORS 45

TABLE 8. WOMEN WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE (INCLUDING ECONOMIC VIOLENCE) BY AN INTIMATE PARTNER (EU-27) 48

TABLE 9. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE BY A CURRENT AND/OR FORMER PARTNER, BY TYPE OF ACT (EU-27) 49

TABLE 10. OTHER FORMS OF ECONOMIC VIOLENCE BY ANY PARTNER (EIGHT MEMBER STATES) 52

TABLE 11. PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE BY ANY PARTNER DURING ONE'S LIFETIME AND IN THE 12 MONTHS BEFORE THE SURVEY,... 58

TABLE 12. PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE WOMEN HAVE EXPERIENCED FROM THEIR CURRENT PARTNERS DURING THE RELATIONSHIP,... 62

TABLE 13. WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES OF PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE, BY DURATION OF RELATIONSHIP WITH... 63

TABLE 14. WOMEN EXPERIENCING VIOLENCE FROM CURRENT AND/OR PREVIOUS PARTNER(S) DURING PREGNANCY (EU-27) 64

TABLE 15. EXTENT AND NATURE OF SELECTED CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE, BY TYPE OF PERPETRATOR (EU-27) 68

TABLE 16. TYPE OF PHYSICAL INJURIES EXPERIENCED BY WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE - LAST EPISODE... 69

TABLE 17. NEED FOR MEDICAL CARE DUE TO PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND WHETHER VIOLENCE RESULTED IN PERMANENT... 70

TABLE 18. CONSEQUENCES OF THE LAST EPISODE OF VIOLENCE FOR WOMEN'S WORK LIFE AND USUAL ACTIVITIES, BY TYPE OF PERPETRATOR (EU-27) 71

TABLE 19. REPEATED EPISODES OF PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE, BY TYPE OF PERPETRATOR 72

TABLE 20. EXPERIENCING VIOLENCE IN ONE CONTEXT OR TWO OR MORE CONTEXTS (DETERMINED BY THE TYPES OF PERPETRATORS INVOLVED),... 73

TABLE 21. WOMEN AVOIDING, OFTEN OR ALL THE TIME, CERTAIN PLACES OR SITUATIONS DUE TO THE RISK OF PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL... 74

TABLE 22. REPORTING PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE TO POLICE OR CONTACTING OTHER SERVICES AND SUPPORT (EU-27) 77

TABLE 23. REASONS FOR NOT REPORTING THE LAST EPISODE OF VIOLENCE BY A NON-PARTNER, BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE (EU-27) 81

TABLE 24. REASONS FOR NOT REPORTING THE LAST EPISODE OF VIOLENCE BY A NON-PARTNER, BY SELECTED INDICATORS OF THE EPISODE'S... 82

TABLE 25. INCIDENCE OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK, AMONG EVER-WORKING WOMEN 86

TABLE 26. SEXUAL CYBER HARASSMENT AND OTHER SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK, AMONG EVER-WORKING WOMEN 88

TABLE 27. EVER-WORKING WOMEN WHO IN THE 12 MONTHS BEFORE THE SURVEY REPORTED EXPERIENCING SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK,... 90

TABLE 28. SEXUAL HARASSMENT EXPERIENCED BY WOMEN OUTSIDE WORK (EIGHT MEMBER STATES) 94

TABLE 29. WOMEN WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED STALKING BY ANY PERPETRATOR IN THEIR LIFETIMES OR IN THE 5 YEARS OR 12 MONTHS BEFORE... 98

TABLE 30. STALKING THAT TOOK PLACE ONLINE OUT OF ALL EXPERIENCES OF STALKING, BY TYPE OF ACT (EIGHT MEMBER STATES) 101

TABLE 31. DURATION OF THE LONGEST EPISODE OF STALKING, BY TYPE OF PERPETRATOR (EU-27) 102

TABLE 32. REASONS FOR NOT REPORTING THE MOST RECENT EPISODE OF STALKING TO THE POLICE (EU-27) 103

TABLE 33. REASONS FOR NOT REPORTING THE MOST RECENT EPISODE OF STALKING TO THE POLICE, BY TYPE OF PERPETRATOR (EU-27) 103

TABLE 34. MEASURES TAKEN IN RESPONSE TO STALKING, BY TYPE OF PERPETRATOR (EU-27) 104

TABLE 35. WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCED SEXUAL VIOLENCE (INCLUDING RAPE) DURING CHILDHOOD 108

TABLE 36. WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCED SEXUAL VIOLENCE DURING CHILDHOOD (BEFORE THE AGE OF 15), BY THE AUTHORITY / PERSON... 109

TABLE 37. WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL AND/OR PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE FROM THEIR PARENT(S) DURING CHILDHOOD... 110

TABLE 38. WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE BY THEIR PARENTS DURING CHILDHOOD, BY TYPE... 111

TABLE 39. WOMEN WHO HAVE WITNESSED VIOLENCE (PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL) BETWEEN THEIR PARENTS DURING CHILDHOOD... 112

TABLE 40. WOMEN WHO SAY CHILDREN LIVING IN THEIR HOUSEHOLD HAVE WITNESSED INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE, BY PERPETRATOR... 113

TABLE 41. CHILDREN AS VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE BY A WOMAN'S INTIMATE PARTNER WHO HAD ALSO BEEN VIOLENT TOWARDS HER,... 113

Figures 33

FIGURE 1. WOMEN RAPED DURING THEIR LIFETIMES IN THE EU, IN TOTAL AND BY TYPE OF INCIDENT 33

FIGURE 2. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DISCLOSURE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE BY ANY PERPETRATOR AND MEMBER STATES' GENDER EQUALITY INDEX SCORES 35

FIGURE 3. VICTIMS OF NON-PARTNER VIOLENCE, BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE, TYPE OF PERPETRATOR AND GENDER OF THE PERPETRATOR (EU-27) 36

FIGURE 4. TYPE OF NON-PARTNER VIOLENCE EXPERIENCED, BY PERPETRATOR CATEGORY (EU-27) 37

FIGURE 5. LOCATION WHERE THE LAST EPISODE OF VIOLENCE BY A NON-PARTNER TOOK PLACE, BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE (EU-27) 38

FIGURE 6. OCCURRENCE OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE, BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE AND PERPETRATOR (EU-27) 46

FIGURE 7. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE BY INTIMATE PARTNER, BY TYPE OF PARTNER AND FREQUENCY OF VIOLENCE (EU-27) 50

FIGURE 8. WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCED PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE BY A CURRENT AND/OR FORMER PARTNER(S) 'OFTEN' OR 'ALL THE TIME' 50

FIGURE 9. CHANGE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC - PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL... 55

FIGURE 10. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE BY ANY PARTNER DURING ONE'S LIFETIME AND IN THE 12 MONTHS BEFORE THE SURVEY, BY WOMEN'S... 60

FIGURE 11. WOMEN WHO TALKED ABOUT THE LAST EPISODE OF VIOLENCE, REPORTED IT TO THE POLICE OR SOUGHT MEDICAL ATTENTION,... 79

FIGURE 12. TALKING TO A CLOSE PERSON ABOUT THE LAST EPISODE OF NON-PARTNER VIOLENCE OR REPORTING IT TO THE POLICE,... 80

FIGURE 13. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK AND THE GENDER EQUALITY INDEX 87

FIGURE 14. AVAILABILITY OF A CONTACT PERSON OR DEPARTMENT AT WORK TO WHOM EXPERIENCES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT CAN BE REPORTED 92

FIGURE 15. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWING WHERE TO SEEK HELP FOR SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK AND THE AVAILABILITY... 92

FIGURE 16. STALKING IN THE 12 MONTHS BEFORE THE SURVEY, BY WOMEN'S SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS (EU-27) 100