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Title page

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

INTRODUCTION 2

SWEDEN'S STRATEGY 2

WHY WAS SWEDEN DIFFERENT? 3

WHAT DID SWEDES THINK? 4

HOW DID IT TURN OUT? 5

EXCESS DEATHS 7

OTHER INDICATORS 9

CONCLUSION 10

Figures

Figure 1. Sweden's COVID-19 death rate is not an outlier 7

Figure 2. Sweden's excess death rate during the pandemic was the lowest in Europe 8

초록보기

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden stood out from other countries, stubbornly refusing lockdowns, school closures, and mask mandates. This was highly controversial and many outsiders saw it as a dangerous gamble with human lives. From a Swedish perspective, however, it looked like it was other countries that were engaging in a dangerous experiment.

This paper describes Sweden’s policies and the reasons for its choices, and it presents some preliminary conclusions about the results. Sweden’s economy got through the pandemic better than comparable countries, and elementary school students have not suffered learning losses. These benefits do not seem to have come at the expense of human health. Remarkably, total excess deaths were smaller in Sweden than in any other European country during the three pandemic years (2020–2022), and the rate was less than half of America’s. In the absence of strict government control, Swedes adapted their behavior voluntarily.