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Title page
Contents
Executive summary 11
1. Solar energy driving India's clean energy transition 14
2. Solar waste management is imperative 15
2.1. Estimating solar waste 15
2.2. Objective 16
3. Solar waste estimation model 17
3.1. Scope 17
3.2. Assumptions 18
3.3. Scenarios 20
3.4. Limitations 21
4. India's solar waste estimates 23
4.1. Waste estimates in the base case 23
4.2. Waste estimates across scenarios 26
5. Conclusion and recommendations 28
Annexure 1: Representativeness of primary data 29
Annexure 2: Primary data for various coefficients 29
Annexure 3 31
Annexure 4 32
Annexure 5 32
Annexure 6: Overview of solar module recycling technologies 33
References 34
Table 1. Coefficients used in the analysis for different solar waste streams 19
Table 2. Overview of waste estimation scenarios 21
Table 3. Variations in the average annual and cumulative solar PV waste across scenarios 27
Figure 1. Southern and northern regions account for 71% of India's installed solar capacity 14
Figure 2. Multiple streams contribute to solar waste 17
Figure 3. ~67% of solar waste in 2030 will occur in five states 23
Figure 4. Rajasthan and Gujarat will lead the solar waste generation in 2030 24
Figure 5. India's cumulative solar waste would increase about 32 times between 2030 and 2050 25
Figure 6. India's cumulative waste will start increasing after 2040, as more of the capacity will reach EoL 27
Boxes
BOX 1. Sample calculation to determine the waste generated because of a capacity degradation 20
BOX 2. Material composition of the solar waste 26
Annexure Tables
Table A1. Representativeness of the primary capacity data on module failure 29
Table A2. Data points for waste generated during transportation and handling 29
Table A3. Data points for waste generated during project operation 30
Table A4. Observed degradation rates across regions 30
Table A5. Annual waste estimates in tonnes for different states and union territories by 2030 31
Table A6. Composition of a crystalline silicon PV module and cadmium telluride thin film module 32
Table A7. Comparison of various processes for module recycling 34
Annexure Figures
Figure A1. Contribution of various waste streams to annual waste by 2030 32
Figure A2. Overview of solar module recycling technologies 33
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