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Title page
Contents
Acknowledgments 2
Executive summary 4
Introduction 6
CHAPTER 1. Measuring air pollution in Tbilisi 8
CHAPTER 2. The spatial distribution of air pollution and wealth in Tbilisi 12
CHAPTER 3. Sources of variation in outdoor air pollution in Tbilisi 14
CHAPTER 4. The impacts of outdoor air pollution in Tbilisi 20
CHAPTER 5. The benefits of carbon pricing: reductions in outdoor air pollution 23
CHAPTER 6. The exposure of individuals to air pollution and the associated drivers 26
CHAPTER 7. The impacts of air pollution on individuals 29
CHAPTER 8. The adaptation of individuals to air pollution 31
CHAPTER 9. The impact of information sharing on exposure, behavior, and welfare 33
CHAPTER 10. Policy recommendations 36
Appendix A. Natural experiments: data and methods 38
Appendix B. Randomized controlled trial 40
Appendix C. Fieldwork 43
Appendix D. Additional results 45
References 47
Figure 1. Monthly air pollution level in Tbilisi: above the WHO threshold and higher than in other regional capitals 6
Figure 2. The measurements of the National Environmental Agency and PurpleAir are highly correlated 10
Figure 3. Monthly and weekly trends in outdoor air pollution in Tbilisi 11
Figure 4. Within-day trends in indoor air pollution in Tbilisi during weekdays and weekends 11
Figure 5. Wealthier neighborhoods are associated with higher air pollution, but, within these neighborhoods, the wealthiest individuals live in buildings characterized... 13
Figure 6. Thermal inversions and wind from the south increase PM2.5 concentrations in Tbilisi 14
Figure 7. Emissions from industrial sites significantly increase air pollution in downwind districts 18
Figure 8. Air pollution significantly increases hospitalizations for mental health and respiratory diseases in Tbilisi 20
Figure 9. Increases in PM2.5 , PM10 , NO₂ and O₃ concentrations decrease apartment sale and rental prices in Tbilisi 21
Figure 10. Carbon pricing could decrease traffic by up to 25% by 2030 and yield improvements in air quality 24
Figure 11. The estimated benefits of carbon pricing in health 25
Figure 12. Indoor and outdoor air pollution measured at the time of the survey, by wealth and education status 26
Figure 13. Number of days working outdoors and hours exercising outdoors, by wealth and education status 27
Figure 14. Cooking, smoking, and lack of insulation explain variations in indoor air pollution 28
Figure 15. Air pollution adversely affects health in Tbilisi and the number of missed work and school days 29
Figure 16. Air pollution is associated with higher interview duration, particularly among the most well educated 30
Figure 17. Awareness of impacts and adaptive capacity are greater among more well educated and wealthier households 31
Figure 18. More educated and wealthier households are more likely to take actions to mitigate indoor air pollution 32
Figure 19. Indoor air pollution monitors and messages on outdoor air pollution raise household awareness 34
Figure 20. Information on indoor and outdoor air pollution the consequences of exposure reduces adverse health outcomes 35
Maps
Map 1. Data sources provide a fine measure of PM2.5 concentration in the capital 9
Map 2. In Tbilisi, PM2.5 concentration is negatively correlated with elevation and positively correlated with wealth 12
Map 3. Traffic congestion is extremely high in the center of the city, and hot spots suffer from higher air pollution 15
Map 4. Air pollution and seasonal variations are greatest in areas where industrial site emissions are also greatest, Tbilisi 17
Table B.1. RCT treatment groups receiving different types of information on air pollution 41
Figure B.1. The covers of the booklet supplied to the treatment households 41
Figure D.1. Air pollution affects cognition adversely 45
Figure D.2. Scores on national unified entry examinations decline with air pollution in the previous month 46
Figure D.3. Air pollution significantly reduces apartment rental prices non homogeneously, Tbilisi 46
Appendix Maps
Map B.1. Selected census blocks for surveying and installation of outdoor monitors 42
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