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22대 대한민국 국회 국회정보길라잡이 국회의원검색
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Title page

Contents

Abstract 4

Résumé 5

Acknowledgements 6

Executive Summary 10

1. Introduction 12

2. Waste crime 15

Waste crime and its socio-economic impacts 16

Drivers behind waste crime 18

Types of waste crime 19

3. Policy responses to improve compliance and enforcement 20

Policy responses for better compliance and enforcement 21

Challenges in compliance assurance 26

4. Digital solutions to support policy responses 29

Online platforms and machine learning help increasing transparency and enhancing compliance promotion 30

Cradle-to-grave databases, GPS tracking devices and forensic data collection tools improve traceability and facilitate compliance monitoring 31

Remote sensing and drones equipped with lasers have potential to ensure intelligence-led investigations and prosecution of waste crime 34

Connecting digital tools can facilitate application of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, but this potential is presently underutilised 35

Limitations to using digital technologies for improved environmental compliance 36

5. Policy implications for the use of digital technologies in better enforcement of waste regulation and elimination of waste crime 38

References 40

Figures

Figure 1.1. Model of digital transformation enabling better policy design and improved implementation 13

Figure 2.1. Overview of the implementation of waste management provisions 15

Figure 2.2. Negative impacts of waste and related offences 18

Figure 3.1. Four stages of a regulatory policy cycle (outer circle) and corresponding tools (inner circle) 20

Figure 3.2. Outline of enforcement approaches 24

Figure 4.1. Key finding forensic data analysis for illegal waste trafficking 33

Boxes

Box 3.1. Example of good practice on compliance promotion: Limiting the export of used vehicles from the Netherlands to Africa 22

Box 3.2. Example of EU-wide Inspections of Waste Shipments 23

Box 3.3. Good practices of non-compliance responses 25

Box 3.4. Example of an integrated compliance policy (Australian Government) 26

Box 3.5. Findings of the Operational Facility for Fighting Illicit Waste Trafficking (OPFA-Waste) Project 27

Box 3.6. Recommendation from the EU and Global Impact Analysing Methodology (WasteForce project) 28

Box 4.1. Early examples of the application of AI systems to promote compliance with waste law 36

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