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Title page

Contents

1. Objective 2

2. The economic rationale for industrial policy 2

3. How does China conduct industrial policy? 4

3.1. Industrial policy and technological upgrading 4

3.2. Made in China 2025 and the 10,000 Little Giants 5

3.3. Instruments of China's industrial policy 8

4. How successful has China's industrial policy been? 16

4.1. Most obvious achievements from China's industrial policy 17

4.2. Which sectors have done better? 18

4.3. Industrial policy for competitiveness 24

4.4. What happened to China's productivity growth? 25

5. Policy implications: takeaways for Europe 27

References 29

Appendix: Word cloud of the key industrial policy tools launched by the Chinese government 33

Figure 1. SOEs, POEs, divergence in effective tax rates and interest rates (values of POE - SOE, 2019) 4

Figure 2. Industry focus of listed Little Giant firms 7

Figure 3. Direct government subsidies to listed firms in China 8

Figure 4. Sectoral classification of direct subsidies in China (2015-2022) 9

Figure 5. Fossil fuel subsidies in China, by type 10

Figure 6. Number and scale of newly established Government Guidance Funds 11

Figure 7. Administrative distribution of GGFs 11

Figure 8. GGF investment across industries (2017-2019) 12

Figure 9. Top 10 CIC equity investment deals 13

Figure 10. Percentage of shares held by Central Huijin 14

Figure 11. Little Giant firms in new stock market listings 15

Figure 12. Share of Chinese patents in total newly granted patents at the USPTO 17

Figure 13. Difference in the value added in exports between China and selected countries 18

Figure 14. Share of objects launched into space, by country 19

Figure 15. Robot density in 2016 and 2022 19

Figure 16. Biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and high-performance medical devices 20

Figure 17. Global market share of rolling stock manufacturers 21

Figure 18. Global market share of shipbuilding firms 21

Figure 19. Country share of USPTO patent grants in the transportation sector 22

Figure 20. Share of Chinese exports in world exports (electrical equipment) 23

Figure 21. Share of Chinese exports in world exports (new energy and energy saving vehicles) 24

Figure 22. Total factor productivity growth, by country 25

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