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Title page 1

Contents 6

Résumé 4

Abstract 5

Introduction 7

Big Tech's structural hold over European AI 10

A technological arms race dominated by Big Tech 10

Control over critical infrastructure 12

Control over distribution channels 14

Influence on the open source ecosystem 16

Beyond the myth of European technological independence 17

The AI value chain: identifying opportunities for Europe 19

Distribution as important as production: rethinking European ambitions 19

Development tools: a strategic market 20

Verticalization: Europe's key asset? 23

Model miniaturization: a trend aligned with sector specialization 24

Generative AI is reshaping the tech industry 26

The paradoxical fragility of the digital giants 26

Intensifying competition within Big Tech and with China 27

A changing economic model 28

The U.S. market as a lever 29

Conclusion 31

Figures 15

Figure 1. Number of monthly active social media users worldwide, in billions (2024) 15

Figure 2. Leading social media platforms used by marketers worldwide (2024) 16

Figure 3. The generative AI value chain 22