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Title page 1

Contents 5

Executive Summary 2

Authors' Note 6

Introduction 6

Five Advanced Space Technologies 8

Positioning, Navigation, and Timing 10

Ground-Based Space Situational Awareness 11

Exploration 13

In-Space Satellite Services 15

In-Space Manufacturing 19

Industry and Technology Trends 21

Trends 21

Related Market Factors 23

Engineering Factors 24

Challenges and Opportunities 26

Challenge 1: Profitability 26

Challenge 2: Export Controls 26

Challenge 3: Space-Based PNT 27

Opportunity 1: Commercial Interplanetary and Science Missions 27

Opportunity 2: Combining Multiple Advanced Technologies 28

Opportunity 3: First-Mover Advantage 29

Opportunity 4: Commercial SSA Shareability 29

Recommendations 31

Conclusion 35

Authors 36

Acknowledgments 36

Disclaimer 36

Appendix 1: Methodology Details 37

Appendix 2: Additional Data Tables 40

Endnotes 44

Tables 9

Table 1. Advanced Space Technology Subsectors 9

Table 2. Most Exploration Companies Were Founded Recently 15

Table 3. Share of Advanced Technology Companies by Subsector 22

Figures 12

Figure 1. Commercial Space Surveillance Radar (LeoLabs Azores Phased Array) 12

Figure 2. Commercial Resupply (Top) and Commercial Crew Vehicles (Bottom) 14

Figure 3. Space Debris Seen by Astroscale's ADRAS-J Spacecraft in 2024 (Top) and the U.S. Air Force's XSS-11 in 2005 (Bottom) 17

Figure 4. In-Space Satellite Services Companies: Founding Years and Operating Status 18

Figure 5. Varda Reentry Capsule Safely Lands after In-Space Manufacturing Test 20

Figure 6. Advanced Space Technology Companies: Recent Spike in Founding Activity 23

Appendix Tables 38

Table A1. Criteria for Assigning Company Subsectors 38

Table A2. Most In-Space Satellite Servicing Companies Founded Recently 40

Table A3. Most In-Space Manufacturing Companies Founded Recently 40

Table A4. Companies from PitchBook 41