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Title page 1

Contents 2

Introduction 3

AI proficiency levels 5

Why skill stratification is the right analytical approach 5

The three-tiered classification system 6

Classifying talent and vacancy data 7

Examples of classification by proficiency tier 8

AI talent in Europe 9

AI talent by tier across countries 9

International AI talent by tier across countries 12

AI job vacancies in Europe 17

AI vacancies by tier across countries 18

AI vacancies by tier across occupations and time 24

Mismatches in proficiency levels between AI vacancies and talent 25

Proficiency shares in AI vacancies and talent 26

Number of AI talent per vacancy at each proficiency level 28

Conclusion 31

References 32

Appendix 33

Methodology - AI talent 33

Methodology - AI vacancies 37

Methodology - vacancy and talent comparison 38

Figures 10

Figure 1. Proportion of AI technical talent by country of employment 10

Figure 2. Proportion of AI technical talent by country of origin 11

Figure 3. Proportion of international AI technical talent by country of origin 13

Figure 4. Proportion of international AI technical talent by country of destination 14

Figure 5. Proportion of men and women classified as tier 2 16

Figure 6. Number of AI vacancies by proficiency level and country 20

Figure 7. Percentage of AI vacancies by proficiency level and country (out of total vacancies) 22

Figure 8. Proportion of AI vacancies by proficiency level and country (out of AI vacancies) 23

Figure 9. Evolution of the AI vacancy count by occupation over time (EU27+UK+NO+CH) 24

Figure 10. Proportion of AI vacancies (May 2023-April 2024) and AI talent (April 2024) by level and country 27

Figure 11. Available AI talent (April 2024) per published vacancy (May 2023-April 2024) 29

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