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Title page 1

Contents 6

Introduction 9

1. Background 11

1.1. Current state of space 11

1.2. Historical ISAM efforts 13

1.3. Federal government and other roles in ISAM 14

2. Potential Benefits of ISAM 17

3. Capability Status and Current ISAM Priorities 20

3.1. Status of capabilities that enable ISAM 20

3.2. Current and planned ISAM activities 23

4. Challenges to the Development and Use of ISAM 25

4.1. Distinct markets dilute resources 26

4.2. Operators are hesitant to design their satellites for servicing 27

4.3. Lack of demonstrated capability from ISAM providers 28

4.4. Regulations and standards are unclear or emerging 29

5. Policy Options to Help Address Challenges with ISAM Development and Use 32

6. Agency and Expert Comments 38

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 40

Appendix II: Expert Participation 44

Appendix III: Selected U.S. ISAM Activities 46

Appendix IV: Selected International ISAM Activities 51

Appendix V: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 52

Tables 7

Table 1. Capability areas for in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing 21

Table 2. Policy option - Maintain status quo 32

Table 3. Policy option - Evaluate, and potentially promote, serviceability 33

Table 4. Policy option - Support technology development and testing 35

Table 5. Policy option - Develop or clarify regulations and standards 36

Table 6. Policy option - Designate a government champion 37

Figures 7

Figure 1. Definitions of in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing 10

Figure 2. Common orbit categories 12

Figure 3. Roles in satellite servicing 13

Figure 4. Selected historical in-space servicing achievements 14

Figure 5. Roles of federal agencies in regulating commercial space activities 16

Figure 6. Rendering of a robotic arm servicing a satellite in space 17

Figure 7. Definitions of technology, capability, and mission for in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM) 20

Figure 8. In-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing capabilities supporting notional space missions 23

Figure 9. Challenges facing the development and use of in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM) 25

Figure 10. A robotic arm used to test a servicing satellite approaching another satellite 29

Figure 11. Capability areas of selected U.S. ISAM activities 46