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Title page 1

Contents 2

Introduction 3

Key Themes in the Space Economy 5

The U.S. Government Is a Key Industry Customer and Investor 5

Technological Advancements by Government and Industry Enable Commercial Growth 6

Miniaturization 6

Sensor Improvements 7

Launch Vehicle Innovations 7

Launch Plays a Central Role in the Space Industry, Largely Because of SpaceX 8

SpaceX Leads Market Consolidation in Multiple Sectors 9

The Space Sensing Market Is Poised for Growth 11

Advanced Technology Companies Show Economic and Security Promise 13

U.S. Policy Recommendations 17

Foster Innovation Through Strategic Investment 17

Encourage Competition and Market Resilience 17

Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks 18

Conclusion 19

Author 20

Acknowledgments 20

Endnotes 21

Tables 15

Table 1. Advanced Space Technology Subgroups 15

Figures 9

Figure 1. Number of Payloads Launched (1980-2023) 9

Figure 2. U.S. Launch Company Share of Launches Over Time 10

Figure 3. Remote Sensing Company Founding Dates and Statuses (1980-2021) 11

Figure 4. Remote Sensing Phenomenology and Companies 12

Figure 5. Advanced Technology Company Founding Dates and Statuses (1980-2023) 14