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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Data: Novel Student Survey 8

2.1. Recruitment and Structure 8

2.2. Sample and Summary Statistics 9

3. Generative AI Usage Patterns Among Students 10

3.1. Adoption of Generative AI 10

3.2. Adoption by Student Characteristics and Field of Study 11

3.3. Timing of Generative AI Adoption 13

3.4. Choice of Generative AI Models 14

4. Generative AI and the Production of Learning 15

4.1. The Use of Generative AI across Academic Tasks 15

4.2. Automation versus Augmentation 16

4.3. Heterogeneity in Augmentation versus Automation Usage 18

5. Institutional Policies and AI Adoption 19

5.1. The Role of Institutional Policies in Shaping Student Behavior 19

5.2. Understanding of Institutional Policies and Resources 20

6. Beliefs About AI's Educational Impact and Peer Usage 21

6.1. Student Beliefs of AI's Impact on Educational Outcomes 21

6.2. Student Beliefs About Peer Use of Generative AI 22

7. Discussion 24

References 39

Appendix 44

A. Appendix Figures and Tables 44

B. Empirical Appendix 54

C. Qualitative Evidence on Student Perspectives on AI Use 57

D. Qualitative Evidence on Student Views of AI Policies 64

E. Survey Instrument 69

Tables 35

Table 1. Summary Statistics of Survey Participants 35

Table 2. Student Characteristics Associated with Frequency of Generative AI Use 36

Table 3. Student Characteristics Associated with Timing of Generative AI Adoption 37

Table 4. Student Characteristics Associated with Task Augmentation and Automation 38

Figures 26

Figure 1. The Adoption of Generative AI among Middlebury College Students 26

Figure 2. The Evolution of Generative AI Adoption among Middlebury College Students 27

Figure 3. Adoption of Generative AI Models Among College Students 28

Figure 4. Academic Uses of Generative AI 29

Figure 5. Student Reported Likelihood of Using AI under Different Policies 30

Figure 6. Understanding of Generative AI Policies and Resources 31

Figure 7. Student Beliefs about the Impact of AI on their Academic Performance 32

Figure 8. Relationship Between AI Adoption and Beliefs About AI's Academic Benefits 33

Figure 9. Student Beliefs about Generative AI Usage at Middlebury College 34

Appendix Tables 50

Table A1. Generative AI Usage Frequency by Student Characteristics 50

Table A2. Student Characteristics Associated with Choice of Generative AI Models 51

Table A3. Student Characteristics Associated with AI Usage Likelihood Under Different Institutional Policies 52

Table A4. Student Characteristics Associated with Perceived Learning Benefits 53

Table B1. Student Characteristics Associated with Task-Specific Use of Generative AI 56

Appendix Figures 44

Figure A1. Generative AI Usage Survey Design Overview 44

Figure A2. Cumulative Generative AI Use by Student Characteristic 45

Figure A3. Percent of Students Who Pay for Generative AI Tools 46

Figure A4. Academic Uses of ChatGPT: Evidence from Global Survey 47

Figure A5. Student Beliefs about AI Usage versus Actual Usage under Different Policies 48

Figure A6. Relationship Between Beliefs About AI Usage and Actual AI Usage 49

Figure C1. Word Cloud of Student Motivations for Generative AI Use 61

Figure C2. Relationship Between AI Sentiment and AI Adoption 62

Figure C3. Frequency of Keywords in Student Motivations for AI Use 63

Figure D1. Word Cloud of Student Feedback on Generative AI Policies 67

Figure D2. Frequency of Keywords in Student Feedback on AI Policies 68

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