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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

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동의어 포함

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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 2

1. Introduction 4

2. Conceptual framework and data 5

2.1. Conceptual framework 5

2.2. Data 7

3. Evidence on environmental Engel curves in 109 countries 8

3.1. A pollution hierarchy of household fuels 8

3.2. EECs for air pollution 13

3.2.1. Cooking fuels and indoor air pollution 13

3.2.2. Vehicle ownership and outdoor air pollution 16

4. Discussion 17

References 19

Figures 7

Figure 1. Stylized EEC relationships for normal and inferior goods 7

Figure 2. The Energy Ladder: The dominant energy source for cooking and heating by level of income 9

Figure 3. Household budget shares for energy types with high, medium, and low indoor air pollution intensity, across country income groups 10

Figure 4. Indoor air pollution: consumption of dirty energy types and access to electricity by household wealth quintiles 14

Figure 5. Consumption of dirty energy types by household wealth quintiles: rural-urban disparities 15

Figure 6. Access to electricity by household wealth quintiles: rural-urban disparities 16

Figure 7. Outdoor air pollution (Motorcycle and car ownership) 17