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Title page 1

Contents 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

1. INTRODUCTION 6

2. THE GEOGRAPHY OF QUANTUM INNOVATION: DEFINING QUANTUM CLUSTERS 10

2.1. What Quantum Clusters Are and Why They Matter 10

2.2. Where Quantum Clusters Are 11

3. DIMENSION 1: MARKET ORIENTATION 16

3.1. Total Funding 17

3.2. VC, Equity, and Debt Funding Relative to GDP 19

3.3. Industry-involving Collaborations Relative to GDP 22

4. DIMENSION 2: COLLABORATION INTENSITY 25

4.1. Total Number of Institutional Collaborations 26

4.2. External Collaborations as a Share of Total 28

4.3. Brokerage Role in Collaboration Network 29

5. DIMENSION 3: ECOSYSTEM MATURITY 32

5.1. Institutions per Million People 34

5.2. Spinouts-to-research institutions Ratio 35

5.3. Startup-to-institution Ratio 36

6. QUANTUM QUASI-CLUSTERS 38

6.1. What Would Turn a Quasi-cluster into a Cluster? 41

ANNEX 1: METHODOLOGY AND ROBUSTNESS 43

ANNEX 2: DEEPER INSIGHTS INTO CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT (FOR READER'S INTEREST) 45

ANNEX 3: QUANTUM QUASI-CLUSTERS 48

Tables 8

TABLE 1. QUANTUM CLUSTERS RANKING 8

TABLE 2. MAJOR QUANTUM CLUSTERS AND THEIR KEY INDUSTRY AND RESEARCH COLLABORATORS (METROPOLITAN AREAS WITH GDP OVER USD 750 BILLION) 12

TABLE 3. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS RANKED ON "MARKET ORIENTATION" 16

TABLE 4. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS BY INDUSTRY COLLABORATIONS TO GDP AND THEIR KEY INDUSTRY AND RESEARCH COLLABORATORS 24

TABLE 5. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS RANKED ON "COLLABORATION INTENSITY" 25

TABLE 6. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS RANKED ON "ECOSYSTEM MATURITY" 32

TABLE 7. TIER 1 QUASI-CLUSTERS 39

TABLE 8. QUANTUM QUASI-CLUSTERS, BY REGION (TIER 2) 48

Figures 11

FIGURE 1. GLOBAL QUANTUM COMPANY FUNDING BY YEAR - CLUSTERS VS. NON-CLUSTERS 11

FIGURE 2. EUROPEAN QUANTUM CLUSTERS 13

FIGURE 3. NORTH AMERICAN QUANTUM CLUSTERS 14

FIGURE 4. EAST ASIAN QUANTUM CLUSTERS 15

FIGURE 5. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS BY TOTAL QUANTUM COMPANY FUNDING AND GLOBAL SHARE 18

FIGURE 6. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS BY QUANTUM STARTUP FUNDING INTENSITY (PERCENTAGE OF GDP) 20

FIGURE 7. QUANTUM STARTUP FUNDING INTENSITY VS. BROADER STARTUP ECOSYSTEM VALUE 22

FIGURE 8. TOP 10 CLUSTERS BY TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL COLLABORATIONS 27

FIGURE 9. TOP 10 AND BOTTOM 10 CLUSTERS BY SHARE OF EXTERNAL COLLABORATIONS 29

FIGURE 10. BRIDGING POWER OF CLUSTERS 30

FIGURE 11. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS BY QUANTUM-ACTIVE INSTITUTIONS PER MILLION PEOPLE, BY TYPE 35

FIGURE 12. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS BY SPINOUTS-TO-RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS RATIO 36

FIGURE 13. TOP 10 QUANTUM CLUSTERS BY STARTUP-TO-INSTITUTION RATIO 37

FIGURE 14. DISTRIBUTION OF QUASI-CLUSTERS GLOBALLY 41

FIGURE 15. GLOBAL QUANTUM COMPANY FUNDING BY REGION - CLUSTERS VS. NON-CLUSTERS 45

FIGURE 16. DISTRIBUTION OF QUANTUM-ACTIVE INSTITUTIONS BY TYPE - CLUSTERS VS. NON-CLUSTERS 46

FIGURE 17. DISTRIBUTION OF QUANTUM COLLABORATIONS BY CLUSTER INVOLVEMENT 47

Boxes 18

BOX 1. WHY QUANTUM STARTUPS END UP GRAVITATING TO SILICON VALLEY 18

BOX 2. WHY COLLABORATION NETWORKS MATTER FOR QUANTUM INNOVATION 27

BOX 3. WHAT EXPLAINS THE MATURITY OF THE UK'S QUANTUM ECOSYSTEM 33