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Title page 1

Contents 5

Acknowledgments 4

Executive summary 6

Introduction 8

1. Adoption trends 9

Recent evidence about AI diffusion 9

Adoption gaps between SMEs and large firms 10

Sectoral patterns of AI diffusion 12

Beyond adoption: The links between AI use and productivity 14

2. A proposed taxonomy of AI adopters 17

Taxonomy 18

3. Case studies 22

AI Novices 22

AI Optimisers 24

AI Explorers 25

AI Champions 26

4. Key enablers to facilitate AI adoption by SMEs 29

Connectivity 29

AI-enabling inputs 31

Skills 32

Finance 36

5. Policy approaches to AI adoption by SMEs 38

Country profiles 39

Selected policy examples beyond the G7 44

From AI Novices to AI Champions: Policy pathways for SME adoption 45

6. Proposed policy recommendations for governments to enhance AI adoption by SMEs 48

References 50

Annex A. Additional tables and figures 60

Tables 17

Table 1. Key dimensions of the proposed taxonomy 17

Table 2. Scope of AI application 19

Table 3. Complexity of AI use 20

Table 4. Barriers and preferences for government support vary by country 39

Figures 9

Figure 1. Share of firms using AI across OECD Member countries, 2020-2024 9

Figure 2. Share of enterprises using AI across OECD Member countries by size, 2024 or latest available year 11

Figure 3. Enterprises using AI technologies by type of AI technology and size class, EU, 2024 12

Figure 4. Share of firms using AI across OECD Member countries by sector and year (2021-2024) 13

Figure 5. Sectoral taxonomy of AI intensity, by indicator 14

Figure 6. Taxonomy of AI adopters 19

Figure 7. Categories of SME AI adopters 21

Figure 8. Differences in high-speed broadband adoption between small and large firms in OECD Member countries 30

Figure 9. A third of SMEs report experiencing a skills shortage in the last two years 32

Figure 10. SMEs associate generative AI with increased skill needs 33

Figure 11. Generative AI has increased the importance of data analysis and interpretation skills, along with a broad range of other skills 34

Figure 12. Where SMEs use generative AI, employees' participation in AI-related training is not common 35

Boxes 23

Box 1. Small coffee roaster in the United States 23

Box 2. Freelance photographer in Germany 23

Box 3. Local artisan bakery in France 24

Box 4. Small bag manufacturer in Italy 25

Box 5. Micro wholesale trade company in Japan 26

Box 6. Small healthcare company in Canada 27

Box 7. Small biotech company in the United Kingdom 28

Annex Tables 60

Table A.1. Share of enterprises using AI across OECD Member countries, by size or by sector 60

Table A.2. Latest available AI adoption rates from national sources 61

Annex Figures 61

Figure A.1. AI adoption rates have been increasing across all G7 countries 61

Figure A.2. AI adoption gaps between larger and smaller firms 62

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