Title page 1

Contents 4

Country codes 10

Abbreviations 11

Glossary 12

Executive summary 14

Key findings 14

1. Introduction 17

2. Methodology 20

2.1. Type of data requested by EIGE for the data collection exercise 20

2.1.1. Data disaggregated by type of violence 21

2.1.2. Data disaggregated by the sex of the victim 22

2.1.3. Data disaggregated by the sex of the perpetrator 23

2.1.4. Units of measurement 23

2.1.5. Counting rules 24

2.1.6. Forms of violence and offences measured 24

2.2. Comparability of EIGE's indicator requirements 26

3. Intimate partner violence in the European Union 27

3.1. Conceptualising intimate partner violence 27

3.1.1. Legal definitions 28

3.2. Victims and offences of intimate partner violence 29

3.2.1. Availability and comparability of data 29

3.2.2. Numbers of victims and offences of intimate partner violence 30

3.3. Victims and offences of specific forms of intimate partner violence 36

3.3.1. Types of intimate partner violence and data availability 36

3.3.2. Specific offences of intimate partner violence 37

3.3.3. Numbers of victims and offences of physical, psychological, sexual and economic intimate partner violence 39

4. Rape and sexual violence 53

4.1. Conceptualising rape: changes in legal frameworks 54

4.2. Availability and comparability of data 58

4.3. Number of victims of rape 58

4.3.1. Key findings and analysis 58

4.3.2. Overview of the data 64

5. Femicide: killings of women in the European Union 69

5.1. Legal definitions of femicide in the European Union 69

5.2. Availability and comparability of data 70

5.3. Number and proportion of women victims of homicide 70

6. Domestic violence in the European Union 75

6.1. Conceptualising domestic violence 75

6.2. Victims and offences of domestic violence 75

6.2.1. Availability and comparability of data 76

6.2.2. Numbers of victims and offences of domestic violence 76

6.3. Victims and offences of specific forms of domestic violence 83

6.3.1. Availability and comparability of data 83

6.3.2. Numbers of victims and offences of physical, psychological, sexual and economic domestic violence 84

7. The criminal justice response to violence against women 93

7.1. Protecting victims of intimate partner violence 93

7.1.1. Availability and comparability of data 94

7.1.2. Number of protection orders for victims of intimate partner violence 95

7.2. Protection orders for victims of domestic violence 96

7.2.1. Availability and comparability of data 96

7.2.2. Number of protection orders for victims of domestic violence 97

7.3. Perpetrators of intimate partner violence: judicial data 99

7.3.1. Calculating the attrition rates of intimate partner violence cases 99

7.3.2. Availability and comparability of data 100

7.3.3. Number of perpetrators of intimate partner violence 102

7.4. Perpetrators of domestic violence: judicial data 106

7.4.1. Availability and comparability of data 106

7.4.2. Number of perpetrators of domestic violence 107

8. Supporting victims 113

8.1. Free legal aid for victims of violence 113

8.2. Training for professionals in the police, justice and healthcare sectors 114

8.3. Importance of data on support services 114

9. Conclusions and recommendations 117

9.1. Recommendations for the European Union institutions 117

9.2. Recommendations for Member States 118

References 120

Annex 1. List of ICCS offences requested 128

Annex 2. Legal definitions of intimate partner violence and domestic violence 132

Annex 3. Legal definitions of rape 141

Annex 4. Methodology for desk research on support services by national researchers 146

Annex 5. Free legal aid 147

Annex 6. Training for professionals 158

Tables 8

Table 2.1. List of EIGE's 13 indicators on intimate partner violence, domestic violence and violence in any relationship 22

Table 3.1. Latest available data on victims and offences of intimate partner violence in select Member States (indicators 1 and 2) 33

Table 3.2. Type of intimate partner violence and the availability of data 37

Table 3.3. ICCS codes of offences 38

Table 3.4. Examples of prescribed and additional ICCS codes 39

Table 3.5. Numbers of Member States using the multiple offence rule and the principal offence rule, by indicator 41

Table 3.6. Percentage of women who have experienced different types of violent acts (behaviours), as per the EU-GBV Survey questionnaire 42

Table 3.7. Women in the EU who responded 'yes' to different types of behaviours by an intimate partner 43

Table 3.8. Latest available data on victims and offences of physical, psychological, sexual and economic intimate partner violence (indicators 4-7) 45

Table 3.9. Number of female victims of intimate partner violence per 100,000 women 51

Table 4.1. Approaches to the criminalisation of sexual violence, including rape 54

Table 4.2. Overview of rape legislation and data in the EU-27 57

Table 4.3. Latest available data on victims and offences of rape (indicator 8) 65

Table 6.1. Latest available data on victims and offences of domestic violence (indicators 1 and 2) 79

Table 6.2. Definitions of physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence and the availability of data on these forms of violence 83

Table 6.3. Latest available data on victims and offences of physical, psychological, sexual and economic domestic violence (indicators 4-7) 86

Table 6.4. Number of female victims of domestic violence per 100,000 women 91

Table 7.1. Latest available data on the numbers of protection order applications and protection orders issued to victims of intimate partner... 96

Table 7.2. Latest available data on the numbers of protection order applications and protection orders issued to victims of domestic violence (indicator 10) 98

Table 7.3. Types of male perpetrators of intimate partner violence and the availability of data 101

Table 7.4. Latest available data on perpetrators reported, prosecuted, sentenced and held in prison for intimate partner violence (indicators 3... 103

Table 7.5. Types of male perpetrators of domestic violence and the availability of data 106

Table 7.6. Latest available data on perpetrators reported, prosecuted, sentenced and held in prison for domestic violence (indicators 3 and 11-13) 108

Figures 6

Figure 3.1. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to victims and/or offences of intimate partner violence, by sex of the victim 30

Figure 3.2. Average share of female and total victims of intimate partner violence and violence by any perpetrator, as recorded by police in 12... 31

Figure 3.3. Female victims of intimate partner violence 33

Figure 3.4. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to victims and/or offences of specific forms of intimate partner violence,... 37

Figure 3.5. Latest available data on offences of physical, psychological, sexual and economic intimate partner violence (indicators 4-7) 45

Figure 4.1. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to victims and/or offences of rape, by type of rape and sex of the victim 58

Figure 4.2. Average proportion of recorded female and total victims of intimate partner rape (in 10 Member States), domestic rape... 59

Figure 4.3. Annual numbers of female and total victims of rape in any relationship in Ireland, 2014-2022 61

Figure 4.4. Annual numbers of female and total victims of rape in any relationship in Croatia, 2014-2022 61

Figure 4.5. Annual numbers of female and total victims of rape in any relationship in Cyprus, 2018-2022 62

Figure 4.6. Annual numbers of female and total victims of rape in any relationship in Denmark, 2014-2022 63

Figure 4.7. Annual numbers of female and total victims of rape in any relationship in Malta, 2014-2022 63

Figure 4.8. Annual numbers of female and total victims of rape in any relationship in Slovenia, 2014-2022 64

Figure 5.1. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to victims and/or offences of homicide, by type of homicide and sex of the victim 70

Figure 5.2. Numbers of recorded women victims of intimate partner homicide (in 17 Member States), domestic homicide (in 18 Member States)... 71

Figure 5.3. Number of female victims of intimate partner homicide and domestic homicide recorded by police in 11 Member States, 2018-2022 71

Figure 5.4. Average proportions of women victims of homicide in 12 Member States (2022) 72

Figure 6.1. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to victims and/or offences of domestic violence, by sex of the victim 76

Figure 6.2. Average proportion of women and total victims of intimate partner violence (in 12 Member States), domestic violence (in 20 Member... 77

Figure 6.3. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to victims and/or offences of physical, psychological, sexual or economic... 84

Figure 7.1. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to protection orders for victims of intimate partner violence, by sex of the victim 94

Figure 7.2. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to protection orders for victims of domestic violence, by sex of the victim 96

Figure 7.3. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to male perpetrators of intimate partner violence, by sex of the victim 101

Figure 7.4. Numbers of Member States that shared data relating to male perpetrators of domestic violence, by sex of the victim 107

Boxes 21

Box 1. Intimate partner categories 21

Box 2. Missing age-disaggregated data 23

Box 3. Complementarity of units of measurement 23

Box 4. Counting rules 24

Box 5. Prevalence of intimate partner violence 28

Box 6. Reporting patterns of intimate partner violence 29

Box 7. Factors influencing reporting patterns of intimate partner violence 32

Box 8. What do women report to the police? 36

Box 9. Long-lasting neurological damage caused by intimate partner violence 40

Box 10. Experiences and reporting patterns of rape 53

Box 11. Prevalence of rape 54

Box 12. Rape in the EU - reporting, legislation and social norms 56

Box 13. Child victims of intimate partner violence 75

Box 14. Childhood experiences of violence 77

Box 15. From childhood witnessing and/or abuse to adult victimisation 93

Box 16. Awareness of support services 113

Appendix Tables 8

Table A1.1. List of ICCS offences requested per indicator 128

Table A1.2. Member States' legal definitions of intimate partner violence and domestic violence 132

Table A1.3. Member States' legal definitions of rape 141

Table A1.4. Access to free legal aid for victims of domestic violence and intimate partner violence in the EU 148

Table A1.5. Intimate partner violence and domestic violence training for professionals across the EU 158