Title page 1
Contents 1
Abstract 2
Non-technical summary 3
1. Introduction 5
2. Institutional background and framework 8
3. Data 12
4. Empirical strategy 15
5. Empirical results 19
5.1. All fields 19
5.2. Distinguishing between fields 22
5.3. Robustness tests 25
6. Discussion 28
7. Conclusions 30
References 33
Appendix A: Additional Tables and Robustness Tests 38
Appendix B: Replication of Dataset 53
Acknowledgements 55
Tables 13 Table 1. Top Journals by Field 13
Table 2. China Share of Articles by Field and Time Period 15
Table 3. US Share of Articles by Field and Time Period 15
Table 4. Scientific Output in China and the Rest of the World: Difference-in-Differences Results 21
Table 5. Scientific Output in China by Field Priority: Triple-Difference Results for Targeted Fields 24
Table 6. Frequency of Articles with External Funding or Grants 26
Figures 22
Figure 1. Year-by-Year Estimates of China's Scientific Output Relative to the Rest of the World 22
Figure 2. Year-by-Year Estimates of China's Scientific Output in NMLP-Targeted versus Non-Targeted Fields 25
Appendix Tables 38 Table A1. Journals Considered in the Analysis, by Field 38
Table A2. Summary Statistics for the Country-Field Dataset, 2000-2022 40
Table A3. Difference-in-Differences Controlling for Research Funding 41
Table A4. Triple-Difference Controlling for Research Funding 42
Table A5. Difference-in-Differences Excluding International Collaborations 43
Table A6. Triple-Difference Excluding International Collaborations 44
Table A7. Difference-in-Differences Controlling for Researcher Density 45
Table A8. Triple-Difference Controlling for Researcher Density 46
Table A9. Difference-in-Differences with Institution-Normalized Output 47
Table A10. Triple-Difference with Institution-Normalized Output 48
Table A11. Difference-in-Differences for NMLP Fields Only 49
Table A12. Difference-in-Differences for Non-NMLP Fields Only 50
Table A13. Difference-in-Differences with Alternative Specifications 51
Table A14. Triple-Difference with Alternative Specifications 52