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Title page 1

Contents 3

Summary 4

Background 6

1. What is digital sovereignty? 7

1.1. Definitions 7

1.2. What are the benefits and risks of digital sovereignty? 10

2. How sovereign is the UK? 13

2.1. Sovereign AI 13

2.2. Semiconductor chips 17

2.3. Sovereign cloud services 19

2.4. Sovereign timing services 22

2.5. UK Payment System 23

3. How can UK digital sovereignty be increased? 24

3.1. Open source 24

3.2. Procurement 25

3.3. Building skills for digital sovereignty 26

3.4. Mapping out digital systems 27

References 29

Contributors 40

Tables 8

Table 1. Example definitions of digital sovereignty 8

Table 2. Approaches to digital sovereignty around the world 9

Table 3. Examples of sovereign AI development 15

Table 4. Limits to the US CLOUD Act 20

Table 5. How often has the US-UK CLOUD Act agreement been used (2022-24)? 21

Table 6. Pillars of information security 21

Figures 11

Figure 1. Examples of UK imports and exports of services from the US in 2025 11

Boxes 14

Box 1. The Sovereign AI Fund 14

Box 2. What is the US CLOUD Act? 20