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Title page

Contents

FOREWORD 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13

BACKGROUND 13

DEFINITIONS 14

PROJECT SCOPE 15

OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 15

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 18

CONTEXT 18

RwD-Crash Statistics 18

Factors Contributing to RwD Crashes 19

Goals of the FHWA RwD Team 20

EXISTING COUNTERMEASURES 21

Conventional RwD Countermeasures 21

Addressing RwD Through AVs 24

Addressing RwD Through CVs 32

TECHNOLOGY TRENDS TO WATCH 35

Understanding Lane-Keeping Behaviors of Drivers 35

RwD-Crash Risk Index 37

Road-Information Inventory 38

Addressing RwD Through Enhanced Infrastructure 41

EFFORTS OF STATES AND INFRASTRUCTURE STAKEHOLDERS ON CV AND AV TECHNOLOGIES 43

Efforts of States on CV and AV Technologies 43

Efforts of Infrastructure Stakeholders 45

CHAPTER 3. NEEDS ASSESSMENT 46

DISCUSSION POINTS AND LESSONS LEARNED 46

Standards 46

Infrastructure Differences for CVs and AVs 48

Signage, Roadside, and Friction Information 49

Sparse, Rural Areas 49

Staff Training 49

Collaboration 50

IDENTIFIED GAPS 50

A Gap Common to States and Manufacturers 50

Gaps as Perceived by Transportation Departments 51

Gaps as Perceived by Vehicle Manufacturers 51

CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 53

INITIATIVE 1. EFFECTIVENESS ESTIMATES OF CURRENT DRIVER ASSISTANCE 53

Background 53

Objective 54

Potential Benefits 54

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 54

Tasks 54

INITIATIVE 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF LANE-KEEPING PRACTICES 55

Background 55

Objective 55

Potential Benefits 55

Relationship to the Existing Body of Knowledge 56

Tasks 56

Follow-On and Implementation Activities 56

INITIATIVE 3. SIMULATIONS TO ESTIMATE THE BENEFITS OF CV COUNTERMEASURES FOR RwDs 57

Background 57

Objective 57

Potential Benefits 57

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 57

Tasks 57

Follow-On and Implementation Activities 58

INITIATIVE 4. CURVE-WARNING CHALLENGE 58

Background 58

Objective 59

Potential Benefits 59

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 59

Tasks 59

INITIATIVE 5. EXTENSIONS TO THE CSW APPLICATION 60

Background 60

Objective 60

Potential Benefits 60

Relationship to the Existing Body of Knowledge 60

Tasks 61

INITIATIVE 6. INPUT FROM STATE AND LOCAL TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENTS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 61

Background 61

Objective 62

Potential Benefits 62

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 62

Tasks 62

Follow-On and Implementation Activities 63

INITIATIVE 7. V2I TECHNOLOGY-AWARENESS TRAINING FOR STATE AGENCIES 63

Background 63

Objective 64

Potential Benefits 64

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 64

Tasks 64

Follow-On and Implementation Activities 65

INITIATIVE 8. SOFTWARE AID TO DESIGN FOR ACCOMMODATING CVs AND AVs 65

Background 65

Objective 65

Potential Benefits 66

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 66

Tasks 66

Follow-On and Implementation Activities 66

INITIATIVE 9. TIGHTER MARKING AND SIGN REQUIREMENTS IN THE MUTCD 66

Background 66

Objective 67

Potential Benefits 67

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 67

Tasks 67

Follow-On and Implementation Activities 68

INITIATIVE 10. SYNTHESIS OF MACHINE-READABLE SIGN TECHNOLOGY 68

Background 68

Objective 69

Potential Benefits 69

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 69

Tasks 69

Follow-On and Implementation Activities 70

INITIATIVE 11. IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH-RISK LOCATIONS USING CV DATA 70

Background 70

Objective 70

Potential Benefits 71

Relationships to the Existing Body of Knowledge 71

Tasks 71

Follow-On and Implementation Activities 72

EXISTING AND SMALLER EFFORTS 72

Road Weather Information to AVs 72

Standards and Business Model for Maintaining and Delivering Roadway Geometry 72

Standard for Pavement-Marking Removal 73

Recovery Guidance for Errant Vehicles 73

RwD-Safety Risk Index for Road Segments 73

Reconsidered Geometric Design for AVs 74

New IHSDM Module for CV and AV Technology 74

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS 75

LITERATURE REVIEW 75

GAP ANALYSIS 76

RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 76

APPENDIX. WEB MEETING PARTICIPANTS 79

WEB MEETING 1 79

WEB MEETING 2 79

WEB MEETING 3 79

REFERENCES 80

Tables

Table 1. Range of approaches the initiatives cover 78

Table 2. Meeting participants represented diverse perspectives 79

Figures

Figure 1. Graphic. SAE automation levels range from 0 (no automation) to 5 (full automation) 14

Figure 2. Graphic. Recommended research topics are a diverse yet cohesive approach to improving RwD safety 16

Figure 3. Pie chart. Proportion of RwD fatalities by most harmful event of the crash 19

Figure 4. Pie chart. Most causes of passenger-car unintentional lane departures are driver actions or inactions 20

Figure 5. Photo. Arrow signs and chevrons can be used separately or in combination 23

Figure 6. Photos. Pavement treatments to improve RwD safety 24

Figure 7. Photo. High-resolution, 3D map for use by AVs in Mcity 40

Figure 8. Photo. Ohio DOT van precisely tracks its position relative to the roadway as it gathers data on pavement conditions 41